The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay

The Use Of bioengineering nearlyness And Social contend EssayThe practice of safety in oeuvre has seen incredible advances as time has gone, due to advancement in technology, although there is still wellnessy amount of ch all(prenominal)enges that comes in form of injuries and illnesses (Hopwood and Thompson, 2006). This is where ergonomics comes to play a subr bug push throughine in making the failplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Ergonomics draws on m each disciplines in its study of kinds and their surrounds, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial architectural plan, kinesiology, physiology and psychology (Wikipedia, 2010).Unsafe, unwellnessy, un sluttish or inefficient situations at clobber or in everyday life atomic depend 18 avoided by taking account of the physical and physiological capabilities and limitations of humans (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). Human health and saf ety is at optimum range when the conkplace purlieual parameters are suitable for the employee (Story, 2010). Each year, poorly radiation patterned products and diddleplaces account for thousands of injuries and skyrocketing termss. That is why ergonomics the human factor in product and chokeplace excogitate is desist becoming a major concern of manufacturers (Gross, 1995).This invoice is or so how is about applying and proper dressing on the use of ergonomics to everyday reportplace female genitals prevent life threatening illnesses, discomfort, accidents, and how employers dejection save silver by lessen costs related to issues same black marketers compensation, absenteeism and turn over, as it makes operations more efficient by creating maneuver place designs with fewer errors and improve on workplace exploiter friendliness (MacLeod, 1995), with the goal of step-down musculoskeletal discomfort, increase work productivity, efficiency and comfort, as an employe e who is more comfortable is more productive (Meriano and Latella, 2008).1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe aim of this report is to sock what ergonomics is all about and how it poop be incorporated into the health and safety orbit.The objectives of this report areReduce put on the lines factors associated with poorly designed work directs and,To design a workplace that is suitable for the human consistency rather than the human personify adapting to workplace.To be able to identify, measure, control and varan the occupational health hazards/agents in the workplace which may cause ill-health to employees.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 WHAT IS biotechnology?Ergonomics is the science of fitting workplace conditions and occupation demands to the capabilities of the work population, it tends to formula into work related problems that poses a risk of musculoskeletal disorders and ways of alleviating them (Cohen et al, 1997). It is withal the applied science that is devoted to provide comf ort, efficiency and safety into the design of items in the work place (Shelly and Vermaat, 2010), ergonomic intervention can profit both employer and employee (Meriano and Latella, 2008).The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as fol basesErgonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and early(a) elements of a transcription, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to hone human well-being and overall system performance.A large number of factors play a role in ergonomics these embroil body sit down and movement, milieual factors, study and operation as well as work organization. Ergonomics differs from other fields by its interdisciplinary preliminary and applied nature (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993).The benefits of ergonomics include job satisfaction and heighten worker motivation, added problem-solving capabilities, and greater accep tance of change. Involving staffs can abet to identify job hazards, suggest ways to control these hazards and works(a) with management in deciding how to put this control in place.2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST?An Ergonomist is one who has adequate cognition of the singing between humans health and humans performance (Schlick, 2009) taking into comity the job, equipment used and information used (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics). According to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the authorities (legislation), facts of life institutions (universities and colleges), enquiry establishments, the service industry (consultancy) and production sector (occupational health services, personnel departments, design departments, research departments, etc.), they withal wrote that the ergonomist highlights the areas where ergonomic know directge is essential, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises designers, purchasers, management and employees, on which are more acceptable systems.2.3 accounting OF ergonomicSScience of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, father of occupational medicine, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients illnesses, he described violent and asymmetric motions, bent posture and tonic strain on the muscle as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal pains in his patients (Meriano and Latella, 2008).However, in the United Kingdom, ergonomics started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to investigate industrial conditions, particularly of munitions workers, this led to the establishment of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above topic in 1929 because of the expanded scope of work (hours of work, training, accidents, brightness and ventilation, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a small group of research workers at the Admiralty this made the society the earliest to be formed in the world (Meister, 1999).2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICSThe law serves as a vital function in complex social setting as it provides standards or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behaviour. A fall apart in this law can be considered violation of the law and the transgressor could baptistry civil or criminal penalties the legal system of every political jurisdiction and at every level of organised society mustiness constantly adapt to changing demands, so there has and will be a continuing effusion of controlling laws. It is for this reason that the legal system is based on concepts of human faults. Liability prevention or temperance is the avoidance of fault by investigation, analysis, valuation, risk sound judgement, corrective action, and preventive remedies. The prospect of a scientist or engineer having contact with law is high, i t is wise to find familiar with the area of entanglement (Marras and Karwowski, 2006), as there are a myriad of roles that can be played in state or federal common law actions, workers compensation cases, allegations of statutory violations, arbitrations or mediations, presidency agency hearings, or citations involving Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Vinal, 1999). According to Health and Safety at wee-wee (HASAW) Act 1974, which is legislation, it states that it is the duty of the employer to draw out out a risk assessment in the work place. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the law and has its consequences.2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENTThe fundamental goal of humanitarian engineering is to match human characteristics such as body size, strengths and weaknesses, and capabilities and preferences with the pertinent attributes of equipment, tasks, and procedure (Kroemer, 2006).The different met hods used in the assessment of ergonomics includeI Physical methodsII Psycho physiological methodsIII behavioural and Cognitive MethodsIV Team methodsV Environmental methodsVI Macroergonomics methods(Stanton et al., 2005) exclusively these methods make use of the pursual techniques listed belowMeasurement teamsAnthropometric techniquesAssessing bustling capabilitiesAssessing muscle strengthAssessing mental work cutAssessing vision capabilitiesSystematic meeting place of informationThe ideal field assessment tools used should possess the following attributesPredictive the tool should provide predictive measure of risk of musculoskeletal injury,Robust can be used in any work situation,Inexpensive tool can be available at minimal monetary cost,Non-invasive should not affect when worker performs or process work flow,Quick assessment could be performed quickly,Easy to use tool could be used with minimal training,(Marras and Karwowski, 2006).3.0 METHODOLOGY3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASS ESSMENT FOR THE cash in ones chips STATIONFor the purpose of this assessment to be through, several protocols would contain to be met. The first thing that would be done is to get a work station that can be used to carry out an ergonomics assessment, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource concentrate on (LRC) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to get permission to carry out the assessment, the manager approved of this and fronted requirement messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in completing the task. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of reference in the results. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic risk assessment, measurement of the work station would be taken victimisation a measuring tape and pictures snapped for further evidence of the work station for ergonomics assessment. Ergonomics assessment on the work station would be done on the basis of the task carried out. The task carried out in the Help Desk in the LRC involves helping students use the computer systems to locate books in the library and helping to arrange books in shelves. For this reason, there is the need to twitch between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a plan on how the work would be carried out.Observation game creditErgonomics Assessment EvaluationRisk ValidationControl and monitorReviewChart 1 Flow Plan on the methodological analysis of the ergonomic assessment.4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONThe particular work station selected for this ergonomics was carefully observed for the different task carried out to see if there is any problem associated with the work place. Anthropometric technique was used to carry out this work by getting measurements of the work place.4.1 OBSERVATION The help desk offered care in carrying out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking caref ully at the way work was done and communicate questions from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, also photographs were taken to also get a clear picture of how the employee carries out the task.Fig 1 A Staff carrying out her duties on a opthalmic video discover Unit.4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION hazard identification was obtained mainly by asking questions from the employee on the work station, making use of a questionnaire and viewing the work station for possible activities that may cause health disorder(s) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at operate (HASAW) Act 1974 demands that the employer should make sure that employers carry out a risk assessment in the work environment to ensure safety of staffs. See result in table 1 below. delay 1 Hazard Identification on the help desk.HazardHazard aspectImpact/ EffectPostureStooped posture (resulting from fatigue and persistent hours of working)Stiffness of the back, fill in, and wrist from working too big on the Visual Display UnitVariety of health problems, like caved shoulders, muscular imbalances, rounding of the upper back and a tendency to tippytoe forward while walking.Incidence of lower back disorders.Movement distortion of the waist, neck, stretching the hand and holding in that position for a long time (straining muscles in the hand)Pain and strain on neck muscles and waist. line on muscles of the armor while stretching causes fatigue of the arm muscle.Visual Display Unit (VDU), keyboard and mouse.Fixed position of the neck when staring at the VDU, and stress on fingers from too much typing, twisting and flexing of the wrist when discussion the mouse.Makes the employee mindful of some eye defects that he/she was not aware of. laborious of the arms to reach the mouse and twisting of the wrist to get to the keyboard and grabbing the mouse.4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENTErgonomics assessment on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate score as it acc ommodates the employee and has a low risk level. Below is a table of the total ergonomic risk factor and how it was derived.Table 2 Ergonomic drop dead Position Evaluation.Assessed by Igho Date14/12/2010Ergonomic Evaluation Risk federal agent Static Points Comments/ActionWork Positions (Sitting)0 pts 2 pts 4 pts if 20 secs +X 3 if staticNeck (Flexion) bending head forward6 compriseShoulders (Raising elbows)6 tickWrists/Hands6ModerateBack (flexion) bending forward at the hips12HighHiking Shoulders0LowTwisting (incorrectly with feet stationary)0LowTable 3 delegate factor EvaluationTask componentsPoints AwardedMuscle forceLow Moderate High0VibrationLow Moderate High0LightingGood Fair Poor0Workplace Temperature thriving Warm/Cool Hot/Cold0Table 4 Risk Factor total on the work station.Risk Factor total Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action0 pts 2 pts 4ptsWork Positions0 7 8 15 16 pts+= 4High (8-12)Task factors0 8 9 15 16 pts+= 0= 4Moderate (4 7)Lifting0 7 8 13 14 pts+= 0 Low (0 3)Table 5 Key bodScaleDescriptorConsequenceControl0-3LOWLittle or no complaints of muscle aches and painsTaking of short time breaks4-7moderationistStress and fatigue on muscles which is tolerableSelection of an employee to monitor how tasks are being carried out8-12HIGHWork Musculoskeletal disorder, static load on muscles leads to painful fatigue on musclesReduction of work that can cause musculoskeletal disorder and training of staffs to become more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to musculoskeletal disorders.Below is a bailiwick on the work station used in the LRC, measured in cm.48cm 24cm96cm 48cm 72cmFloorFig 1 Sketch and measurement of the work station.The plan above can be compared to the British standard dimension to know if the measured work station meets up with the standard.Table 6 Work place measurement compared with British Standard DimensionMeasured Work StationBritish Standard Dimension (5th 95th Percentile (mixed universe of discourse 19 65 yrs) Popliteal height48cm44cmThigh Clearance23cmTable crest (Popliteal height + Sitting Elbow height)72cm68.5cmSitting Shoulder Height Position57cm59cmBack rest48cmRISK VALIDATIONBased on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a trusty control and review of the work station, and everything put in order, information and training of employees there may still be a problem that can pose as a threat to the work place. This can be seen in workers habit sitting forward on the chair, sitting in the middle of the chair, leaning on arm rest and back rest, arms resting on the table are some examples of employees habit, and this can result in intervertebral disc injuries and back problems as the muscles of the back are comfortably stressed.CONTROL AND MONITORINGTo control occupational health and safety risks, advancement of performance and benefits in work places in order to eliminate or minimize risk to employees and other interested parties exposed to risks associated wi th its activities, it is necessary to implement, prolong and continually improve occupational health and safety in the work place.The following can be used to control and monitor on-going activities and tasks in the work placeAvoid Unnatural Posture bending the consistence/head sideways is more harmful than bending forwardThe working area should be located so that it is at the best outmatch from the eyes of the operator.Hand grip, materials and tools should be arranged in such a way that the most frequent movements are carried out with the elbows bent and uprise to the body.Manipulations can be made easier by using supports under the elbows, forearms or hands. Padded/soft warm materials that can be adjustable to retinue people of different sizes.It is essential that the workplace should be suited to the body size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural postures and movements are a necessary part of efficient work.Neck and head posture head and neck should n ot be bent forward by more than thirty degrees when the trunk is erect, else fatigue and troubles may occur.4.6 REVIEWHaving seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to position themselves whilst working, there is need to review work practice every leash months to ensure and enforce that the mode of working is still in place to avoid injuries that may have build up with time.4.7 RECOMMENDATIONAfter measuring the work station and analyze with the British standard measurement, it is recommended that the chair (adjustable) should be adjusted to fit the user so as to get the comfortability needed in order not to stress and strain muscles in the back and feet. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in place to the comfort of the operator, to dress tension and strain to the eyes, hands and wristERGONOMICS POLICY AND closedown5.1 ERGONOMICS POLICYThe purpose of this policy is to endeavour staffs to adhere to gu idelines in the work place with the aim of ensuring a safe working environment as well as to bring health hazard to a minimum. It is the managements responsibility to carry out duties under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other legislation including amendments to ensure safe working practices and work environment. For this reason, the help desk shall abide to the following guidelinesErgonomics efforts shall be embedded, hold and preserved on the help desk in Learning Resource Centre (LRC) to ensure a safe and healthy work place environment for employees.Cooperation of work force in making sure that ergonomic approach is realised. (Joint effort of managers, supervisors, employees and other supporting staffs)Designation of post to a trustworthy employee to check that workers are well positioned, to prevent Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station.Training of staffs to be more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disord ers.Informing staffs about ergonomics and its risk factors can help to reduce cost of treatment of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees benefits.This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a year to ensure that the health conditions of the employees are in order, to reduce money spent on treating employees for work related musculoskeletal disorders. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and trainings and in written form.5.2 CONCLUSIONAfter a thorough ergonomic examination of the help desk in the LRC, and assessing the working environment, proper ergonomics rating was done and control measures put in Place as well as a policy for the safety and health of the employees so as to reduce chances of the risk of having a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal disorder. Control measures used after ergonomic assessment and risk validation was carriedout is to help in reducing the chances of g etting a work related musculoskeletal disorder and cost of treatment from injuries sustained (if any at all, considering the tolerable amount derived from the evaluation and chances of any injury sustained, this is as a result of proper training of the staffs).