Neurotransmitter and Hormone Receptors

Neurotransmitter and Horm wholeness Receptors1) Transcription of desoxyribonucleic acid and exposition into protein ar tightly set in Eukaryota cells. Give an describe of the key footprints involved.Gene expression is under continuous enactment. This regulation is dissimilariated between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic organisms, especially due(p) to matters of complexity. In Prokaryotic organisms the regulation of comp matchlessnt expression is happening only at the stage of organisation and includes one stage. On the antithetical hand, the regulation of divisor expression in Eukaryotic organisms is happening not only in recordingal train, but likewise at post- agreemental, translation and post-translation level (Latchman 2 hundred7).The figure on the right shows the steps of gene expression that can be dictated.In case where the regulation of gene expression happens in transcriptional level, then the levels of cytoplasmic mribonucleic acid and nuclear RNA should be paralleled. On the other hand, in case a gene is being set down in the alike(p) manner in all tissues, in that respect ordain be a difference in the legal age of tissues between the cytoplasm informational RNA and RNA, due to post-transcriptional mechanisms. As a result, in hostel to distinguish post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation the offset approach is to see if there atomic number 18 changes between the RNA levels in the tissues (Latchman 2007).Initiation of transcriptionIn many cases where there is an increased level of transcription, this results from a tall level of transcriptional initiation intercede by RNA polymerase prudent for initiating the change. This means that in a tissue that occurs an active transcription c ar for, the RNA polymerases will be moving beside the gene continuously, and thus increase the rate of transcript production. In demarcation, in tissues where a gene is transcribed at low-down levels, the initiation of transcripti on will not be so app atomic number 18nt and the level of transcripts will be significantly low (Latchman 2007).ElongationExcept of the initiation of transcription which seems to occur in the majority of the cases, there has been demonstrated that the regulation can in any case happen during at a post-initiation level by producing a shortened RNA than the profuse length one. In this case, the transcriptional dominance seems to happen by blocking the annex of a newly formed transcript (Latchman 2007).DNA genesThe expression of protein-coding genes is regulated alike by precise DNA elements, which ar determined unremarkably upstream of the initiation turn up of the gene. These DNA elements can influence positively or interdictly the transcription of a gene. For moral, DNA sequences such as insulators and silencers, suppress the genes transcription (Latchman 2007).Transcription FactorsThe transcription factors argon also all-important(prenominal) modulatory elements of transcription. The dressing of particularised transcription factors on the DNA, can either propel or suppress gene transcription (Latchman 2007) .Although so far we discussed the transcriptional engage of gene expression, which corresponds to the roughly abundant transcriptional control mechanism, there get down been cases where pull down though the transcription rate of a gene doesnt change, changes in the synthetic thinking of specific proteins collapse occurred. This control mechanism occurs between the translational and transcription control and includes splicing of the nascent informational RNA, alternative splicing, and regulation of RNA stability. The splicing of the RNA is the process in which the protein coding regions are encoded by exons, later removing the intervening sequences which are named introns (Latchman 2007). The alternative splicing, includes the differentiated processing of RNAs in order to produce different RNA variants (Black 2000).The translation al control of gene expression, corresponds to mRNA regulation and is also a real important regulative stage. In the same manner as transcriptional control, translation can be abnormal either positively or negatively by altering the levels of specific translation factors, and most of the times it happens at the initiation of the translation process due to differences in the 5 untranslated region of the mRNA. During translation, the 5 un-translated region contains an AUG trey roughly of bases which is important to be located in a favorable context. This means, that if the ribosome is incapable(p) of recognizing this three-base hit, then the initiation of translation is inhibited. For example, in a situation which is called blabbermouthed scanning, when AUG codons are located upstream, the ribosome has a difficulty to recognize them (Wickens et al. 2000).Furthermore, except of the wisdom of the AUG codon, other coding regions seem to play an important regulatory role. For exam ple, some frequencies which are located in the open reading frame of the mRNA (ORF) seem to cause a frameshift at a specific triplet both(prenominal) in viral and mammalian mRNAs (Wickens et al. 2000).Finally, another regulatory element of gene expression includes the post-translational control. This kinsfolk composes of all the mechanisms that act after translation by modifying the protein levels. Such a mechanism is ubiquitination, which will have as a result the degradation of the ubiquitinated protein in the proteasome (Wang et al. 2013).In conclusion the transcription and translation are extremely regulated processes and this take place due to the complexity of Eukaryotic cells, since strict regulation mutually corresponds to game complexity.2) discourse the role of microtubules and their motor proteins in the motion of cilia and flagella.Microtubules are important elements for sundry(a) cell impulsions, such as the chromosomal separation during mitosis and the motion of flagella and cilia. This movement, which happens along microtubules, is highly subordinate on proteins that use energy from adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis in order to produce force and movement. These proteins are members of the kinesin and dynein families (Alberts et al. 2002).Cilia and flagella are germ plasm tissue layer projections dep differenceent on microtubule formation, and are important for the movement in assorted eucaryotic organisms. In bacteria, the flagella grammatical constructions are different from the eukaryotic flagella (Alberts et al. 2002). The movement of these structures has been extensively studied by using animal models, especially sea urchin models which appears to be a genuinely powerful system for flagellar motility. Furthermore, the first scientists to observe this slip mechanisms driven by dynein across the microtubules, were Summers and Gibbons by using dark-field microscopy (Hirose Amos 2012).In eukaryotic organisms the flagella and ci lia are highly similar structures. Firstly, flagella are mostly found in sperm and many hair-like cellular projections with a core composed of microtubules (Cooper 2000). With their paradiddle motion they permit the cells to swim by liquid media. The cilia, are usually shorter than flagella but their organization tends to be similar. Their trouncing motion is like the meet stroke of the swimmers, and the cycles of adjacent cilia are quite asynchronous, thus producing the temperistic raise that can be ascertained through microscope (Alberts et al. 2002). The movement of both for each one flagellum and cilium is produced by the bending of each ones core, which is specifically termed as axoneme. The axoneme is a structure that is composed of microtubules in conjunction with their associated proteins in a regular and specific pattern. This pattern is composed by nine doublet microtubules which are fused together to surround a pair of microtubules. This formation is also known as the 9+2 pattern and is represented in the following picture (Cooper 2000).This type of arrangement is commonly seen in the majority of eukaryotic flagella and cilia forms. The length of these microtubules extends along with the length of the axoneme which can allude the 200 m. At specific positions along the distance of microtubules, are located accouterment proteins, providing with this a way a cross-bridging between the doublet microtubules. These molecules are dynein proteins, and are located around the perimeter of the axoneme (Cooper 2000).Dynein is a very large molecule (2000 kd), consisting of three gravid chains in conjunction with a variable follow of intermediate and light polypeptides that have a weight ranging from 14 to great hundred kd (Cooper 2000). The heavy chains are forming a globular populace which binds ATP and is responsible for moving along microtubules. The intermediate chains are responsible for the assembly of the dyneins. The light chains form both explicit groups, in accordance with the molecules that are related with. For example the first group is associated with the heavy chains, time the snatch group with the intermediate chains. In the cilia and flagella, there is also another specific dynein group, the intraflagellar transport (IFT) dynein, which is important for the association and disassociation of these organelles, and also have transport properties of either membrane proteins or even the IFT themselves (Hirose Amos 2012).The ciliate dyneins, are composed of a different set of accouterments, the outer dynein blazon and a more complex set of inner dynein arms. Each one of this structures plays a different role in the ciliate movement. The outer dynein arms are responsible for the production of the majority of the force required for the ciliary movement, while the inner dyneins, are mostly providing a precise control of this movement (Hirose Amos 2012).Another important feature of the cilia and flagella, is t hat the minus ends of each microtubule are anchored in a structure which is named basal body. This is highly similar to the centriole, and is demand for the arrangement of the axoneme microtubules. Each one of the doublets located in the outer type of the flagella or cilia, is formed by the extension of both of the microtubules of the basals body triplets (Cooper 2000).The movement of cilia and flagella is caused by the relative sliding of outer microtubules, driven by the bodily function of axonemal dynein, and the mechanism is represented in figure 3. The dynein bases attach with the A microtubules while the head of each dynein attaches with the B microtubule. With the green color is represented the nexin link, which binds the microtubules in the axoneme. When the one doublet of microtubules, bends along with the other one, the resulting movement is bending, which is the source of the beating movements of cilia and flagella (Alberts et al. 2002). Scientific evidence suggests t hat upon ATP hydrolysis the dyneins change their conformational state (Hirose Amos 2012).3) pull in the most important classes of molecules that participate in common direct transduction pathwaysIn orient transduction pathways, extracellular signals such as hormones or other molecules are registered by membrane receptors and the signal is being transferred internal the cell by a set of reactions. This signal transduction can be mediated by two distinct mechanisms. The first one includes the use of receptors, and other proteins including enzymes. The heartbeat one contains a set of molecules which are known as second messengers, that regulate the intracellular signaling (Boon 2009) .The intracellular second messengers, are signal molecules that fall out their locate by diffusion. They can be divided into two different groups, those with a aquaphobic character (diacyl glycerol or phosphatidyl inositol) and the hydrophilic ones. The hydrophobic messenger are located on the memb rane and they can work the proteins located on the membrane by diffusing through the plasma membrane of the cell. The hydrophilic messengers are located in the cytoplasm and their targets are located in the cytosol as well (Boon 2009).The most important second messengers include the cAMP, cGMP, inositol phosphates, calcium ions, diacylgrlycerol and phosphatidyl inositol phosphates.3-5 cyclic AMP (cAMP)Is among the most important second messengers and regulates a variety of cellular functions, such as glycolysis, ponderousness densification and ion transport. The intracellular soaking up of cAMP is regulated by two factors, the adenylyl cyclase and the phopshodiestarases. The cause is important for the cAMP synthesis while the latter for its degradation. The activation of adenylyl cyclase is dependent to G-protein coupled receptors and involves the participation of G and G proteins. The degradation of cAMP mediated by cAMP phosphodiesterases, which are being regulated by Ca2+/cal modulin and also by phosphorylation (Boon 2009).In the majority of the cases, the target of the high cAMP dousing is the activation of protein kinases A (PKAs). Initially, in the absence of cAMP the PKA is organized as a tetramer, with two catalytic and two catalytic subunits, and the protein kinase is inactive. When cAMP closeness is increased by adenylyl cyclase, leads to the binding of two molecules to the regulatory subunit and the tetramer disassociation and activation of PKA (Boon 2009).cGMPIn the same manner with cAMP, the 3-5-cGMP is extensively spread in the intracellular space. Like in the case of cAMP , the cGMP is formed by guanylyl cyclase from GTP. The cGMP can activate cGMP-dependent protein kinases, after binding to specific locations. In contrast to the PKA kinases, the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases is dependent to only one protein chain of these proteins. Specifically, the binding of the cGMP to the regulatory domain of the protein, activates it an d permits phosphorylation of other substrates (Boon 2009).Inositol PhosphatesThe inositol containing phospholipids located in the plasma membrane, are the scratch points for the production of many inositol messengers as a response to extracellular or even intracellular signals. The inositol phosphates are important players for the regulation of phospholipase C, which is a very important enzyme in the metabolism of phosphatide inositol. Another important function of these phosphates, is the enlisting of Ca2+ ions that are inside storage organelles, such as mitochondria. The calcium ions are among the most ubiquitous targets of second messengers, and regulate a vast order of actions (Boon 2009).Calcium ionsThe calcium ions can have a regulatory character in many ways, according to the time, frequency and amount of surrender rate. This feature, explains the complexity of Ca2+ signals. Still it is not understood how oscillatory calcium signals are regulate mixed processes. It has b een suggested that CaM kinase II participates in the formation of repetitive calcium signals. The high intracellular submergence of calcium is temporary and usually a local anesthetic phenomenon. The cell contains a variety of transport systems, which can transfer the calcium ions inside the storage locations. These transfer mechanisms are Ca2+ ATPases, which transfer calcium against the concentration gradient. Another mechanism, is the sodium-calcium exchange proteins which are mostly apparent in muscle cells (Boon 2009).Diacylglycerol and phospatidyl inositol phosphatesThe diacylglycerol is being produced by the metabolism of the membrane phosphatidyl inositol phosphate, after the effect of two distinct enzymes, the PLC and PLC. The diacylglycerol (DAG) is then responsible for activating the protein kinase C, which plays an important role in cell proliferation through phosphorylation of various substrate proteins (Boon 2009).Except of DAG, the metabolism of phosphatidyl inositol diphosphate, produces the inositol triphosphate, which increases intracellular calcium levels by binding to specific receptors (Boon 2009).Conclusively, signal transduction is a highly regulated mechanism, which permits the transmission of an extracellular signal inside the cell, and a succeeding cellular response. Among the most important molecules that are participating in this process, we place some members of the family of the second messengers, such as calcium ions, diacyl glycerol and phosphatidyl inositol.4) Describe the steps of neurotransmission.The process of neurotransmission can be divided into five distinct steps. The first includes the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, the second the storage of the neurotransmitter into transport vesicles, the third the influx of calcium and exocytosis of neurotransmitter, the fourth the binding of the neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane and the fifth the deactivation of the neurotransmitter.The low weight neurotransmitt ers are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cell, where enzymes act and replace them into mature neurotransmitters. These enzymes are produced in the nerve cellal cell body and are transferred to the presynaptic terminal via the slow axonal transfer system. When the new transmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm, accredited mechanisms acquire to follow for transporting them to the synaptic membrane. On the other hand, the neuropeptides which is the other category of known neurotransmitters, are produced in the neuronal cell body, and need to be transferred a long distance in order to reach the site of secretion. For this reason, they are transported from the soma of the neuron to the presynaptic terminal with the fast axonal transport (Hyman et al. 2009).The small-molecule neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and amino acids, are stored into vesicles of 40-60 nm diameter. The primary election characteristic of these vesicles, is that in electron micrographs they appear wi th a clear circle around area. The storage, requires specific proteins which are located in the membrane of the synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neuron, the vesicle monoamine membrane transporters (VMAT). In contrast to the small-molecule neurotransmitters, the neuropeptides, are stored into synaptic vesicles with a larger size (90 to 250 nm). In electron micrographs, they seem to have a center relatively more dense than the synaptic vesicles of the small neurotransmitters (Purves et al. 2001). later on the influx of calcium into the pre-synaptic cytoplasm, it begins the process of neurotransmitter release. The first step of this exocytosis, includes the docking of the synaptic vesicle membrane at the active zones plasma membrane. The second step is priming. This corresponds to an ATP dependent maturation of the synaptic vesicles that are being docked in the membrane of the active zone but cant be generate by Ca2+. The result of this maturation, is that the primed vesicles can immediately release their subject after a Ca2+ influx. The third step of this process includes the fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the presynaptic membrane, which allows the exocytosis to happen. In this step, the function of the protein synaptotagmin is of high importance, since it senses the levels of Ca2+ and regulates with this way the fusion of the vesicles. The last step of this step includes the quantal release of the neurotransmitter with a mechanism of exocytosis. The exocytosis is synchronised with the influx of Ca2+ and its induction is controlled by the depolarization of the nerve terminal. aft(prenominal) the release of neurotransmitter at the synaptic cleft, the membrane of the vesicle will be recycled with a process of endocytosis (Hyman et al. 2009).After the exocytosis, the neurotransmitter starts to diffuse across the synaptic cleft and targets the post-synaptic neuron and its receptors which are localized on the membrane. The binding of the neurotransmitt er to the postsynaptic membrane, will cause both biochemical and electrical alterations. Specifically, an excitatory signal will depolarize the membrane and thus a positive charge will pass inside the cell. This depolarization is caused by the porta of sodium channels located on the post-synaptic membrane, which permits the influx of sodium ions across the membrane. On the other hand, an inhibitory signal will hyperpolarize the cell, and thus a positive charge will return with a direction outside of the cell. This hyperpolarization is induced by an inhibitory postsynaptic capability (IPSP) which cause the influx of chloride ions, which make the membrane potential more negative and the propagation of the action potential significantly more difficult (Hyman et al. 2009).When a neurotransmitter finishes its function, the next step is to be removed from the synaptic cleft. When the local neurotransmitter concentration falls, the neurotransmitter un pass overs from the post-synaptic receptor. After this, the neurotransmitter can be either degraded by specific enzymes, or reuptaken by high affinity receptors. The latter corresponds to the most common way of neurotransmitter removal, and includes the reincorporation of the neurotransmitter into the pre-synaptic terminal by endocytosis. This permits the neurotransmitter to be recycled inside the cell. The remaining piece of neurotransmitters, follows the other path of removal which corresponds to the enzymatic degradation. A characteristic enzyme is acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which degrades the neutrotransmitter acetylcholine into acetate rayon and choline. Another examples of such enzymes include catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) (Naik 2015).5) Describe with examples the major mechanisms of action of the different types of neurotransmitter and hormone receptors.In 1907, the physiologist Langley, introduced the aspect of receptor molecules, in order to explain specific properties o f molecules on muscle and nerve cells. The neurotransmitter receptors are proteins located in the post-synaptic plasma membrane and contain an extracellular site, specific for the binding of a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitters, have two distinct families of receptors. The first one, the ligand-gated ion channels or ionotropic receptors, cartel the properties of ion channels by having also a neurotransmitter binding domain on their outer part of the membrane. The other family of receptors, are the metabotropic receptors, because the movement of ions depends on certain metabolic steps. The important difference of these channels with the ionotropic channels, is that they dont have an ion channel in their structure, in contrast they have a domain which affects the channels through activation of G proteins, and these receptors G protein coupled receptors (Purves et al. 2001).G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane protein signaling molecules. The act ivation of these proteins can be achieved by various ligands, thus modulating the activity of a diverse set of signaling pathways (Kobilka 2007). Nowadays, it is estimated that the merciful organism contains approximately 800 unique GPCRs, and the 460 of them are assumed to be olfactive receptors (Fredriksson et al. 2003). Their main characteristic is that they contain seven transmembrane-spanning segments, which coordinate the position of the proteins N-terminus at the extracellular space and C-terminus at the intracellular space.Studies in neuromuscular synapse, have demonstrated in detail the neurotransmission mechanism. The binding of the acetylcholine to the postsynaptic receptors, leads to the opening of ion channels. Specifically, the binding of two Ach to a receptor, causes an influx of sodium for milliseconds. In real situations, when an action potential reaches a presynaptic neuron, millions of ACh molecules are secreted into the synaptic cleft. As a result, a high numbe r of AChs will bind to numerous receptors, located on the postsynaptic membrane. The opening of these channels will cause the membrane to depolarize, and the opening of voltage-gated sodium and atomic number 19 channels (Purves et al. 2001).When the postsynaptic membrane potential becomes more negative even from the resting potential, the end plate topical increases, and decreases when the membrane potential is more positive. At very positive potential, there is a reverse polarity which cause the current to convert form an inward to an outward one (Purves et al. 2001).The other category that we will discuss, the hormones, are produced most of the times by specific cells, and set out a reaction in certain cell types. Only the cells that have hormone receptors, can be used as hormone target cells. These receptors, recognize certain hormones according to their chemical structure. The classes of these receptors are two, the membrane bound receptors, which are transmembrane proteins a nd the second category the intracellularly localized receptors which are intracellular receptors (Boon 2009).The membrane bound receptors have an extracellular domain which is linked with an intracellular one. The binding of a hormone are following the rules of noncovalent interactions. In general, signaling molecules for example adrenaline, binds to their receptors with a very high affinity, even higher than the one observed between an enzyme and a substrate. After the binding and the recognition of adrenaline by the receptor, this signal is converted into an intracellular signal, which targets the nuclear compartment. According to the type of the receptors which will bind, adrenaline can cause inhibition of insulin secretion, glycogenolysis and glycolysis (Boon 2009).Furthermore, the hormone insulin, uses for signal transduction a set of tyrosine kinases receptors. The receptors that have tyrosine kinase (TK) activity (RTKs), contain a specific domain for binding ligand molecules located on the extracellular side. Inside the lipid bilayer there is a single alpha-helical element, and inside the cytosol another part that harbors a TK domain. When the RTKs are not bound with the ligand molecule, most of them are in their monomeric state. The only censure of this paradigm is the insulin receptor and in general its family members. When extracellular stimulus is absent, in our case insulin, the kinase domain of the receptors remains in its inactive, auto inhibited state. In this phase, the receptors either have very low kinase activity, or they havent at all. After the binding of insulin on the receptor, the consequent transformational changes that lead to the activation of the TK domain. The activation process of TK includes a trans-autosphorylation of tyrosine residues at segments inside and outside of the TK domain. Then, the phosphorylated P-Tyr which is formed at the site of receptor, becomes a docking region for proteins that harbor phosphorylated tyrosine specific domains. Such proteins are SH2, phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) and C2 .This signaling eventually leads to an increase of the number of glucose transporter 4 in the outer membrane of specific cells, and thus the increased reuptake of glucose from the roue (Boon 2009).BibliographyAlberts, B. et al., 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Black, D.L., 2000. Protein Diversity from Alternative Splicing A scrap for Bioinformatics and Post-Genome Biology. Cell, 103(3), pp.367-370. addressable at http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867400001288.Boon, E.M., 2009. Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation, Available at http//www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/603489.Cooper, G., 2000. The Cell A Molecular Approach second editio., Sunderland (MA) Sinauer Associates. Available at https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9833/.Fredriksson, R. et al., 2003. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. phyletic analysis, paralogon g roups, and fingerprints. Molecular pharmacology, 63(6), pp.1256-72.Hirose, K. Amos, L.A., 2012. Handbook of Dynein. In Handbook of Dynein. pp. 12-16.Hyman, S. et al., 2009. Molecular Neuropharmacology A ft for clinical Neuroscience, Second Edition. In Molecular Neuropharmacology A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). pp. 265-266. Available at https//www.amazon.com/Molecular-Neuropharmacology-Foundation-Clinical-Neuroscience/dp/0071481273.Kobilka, B.K., 2007. G protein coupled receptor structure and activation. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1768(4), pp.794-807. Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17188232%5Cnhttp//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC1876727.Latchman, D., 2007. Gene Regulation, Available at http//books.google.com/books?id=4x3ZzLNyfDsCpgis=1.Naik, P., 2015. Biochemistry, JP Medical Ltd.Purves, D. et al., 2001. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates. Available at https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11166/.Wang, X., Patt ison, J.S. Su, H., 2013. Posttranslational modification and quality control. Circulation Research, 112(2), pp.367-381.Wickens, M. et al., 2000. Translational control of gene expression. , 37(6), p.295.

The Essence Of Mbo Business Essay

The Essence Of Mbo Business conThe apply of management objectives was first widely advocated in the 1950s by the noted management theorist Peter Drucker. It can be outlined as a work out whereby the employees and the superiors come in concert to c solely normal terminuss, the employees deal their purposes to be achieved, the standards to be taken as the criteria for measurement of their executing and contribution and deciding the pass of action to be followed.The essence of MBO is participative goal set, choosing course of actions and decision making. An important part of the MBO is the measurement and the comparison of the employees existent mathematical process with the standards setIdeally, when employees themselves attain been involved with the goal setting and the choosing the course of action to be followed by them, they ar more likely to run their responsibilities.THE PROCESS OF MBOManagement by objectives (MBO) involves setting special(prenominal) measurable goals with separately employee and then periodically controverting his/her gird toward these goals. The term MBO almost always refers to a comprehensive institution-wide goal setting and appraisal program that consist of half dozen main stepsSet the organizations goals.Establish organization-wide plan for next yr and set goals.Set departmental goals. Here department heads and their superiors jointly set goals for their departmentsDiscuss and allocate department goals. Department heads discuss the departments goals with all subordinates in the department (often at a department-wide come uponing) and ask them to develop their own single(a) goals in other words, how can soulfulnessly employee contribute to the departments attaining its goals.Define evaluate results (set individual goals). Here, department heads and their subordinates set short-term executing targets.Performance refreshen and measure the results. Department heads comp are actual surgical process for each employee with pass judgment results.Provide feedback. Department heads hold periodic consummation review meetings with subordinates to discuss and evaluate progress in achieving expected results.MBO appraisals are suitable for cadence quantitative and qualitative output of high-level employees. High-level employees such as managers generally report to directors, according to hierarchy and the chain of authority throw in many organizations. Therefore, managers and the directors or executives they report to often work unitedly to rig MBO goals for this type of appraisal.Performance Appraisal A LookEmployers use performance appraisals to measure both the quantity and quality of production. Performance appraisals typically are conducted annually, and employers often base decisions about salary raises, wage increases and closing bonuses on employee performance.An MBO appraisal is just one order among several types of performance measurement tools. Others includeGraphic Ratings S cales,Narrative Evaluations,360-Degree Appraisals,Peer Evaluations, Forced be Or Differentiation Appraisals.One well-regarded and widely used approach to performance appraisal is called MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO). By definition, under this method, you evaluate your employees on the basis of results. MBO is more than performance appraisal its a construct for managing the finished organization. Its breadth includes the organizations vision, values, strategies, goals, and performance measurement.MBO (management by objectives) methods of performance appraisal are results-oriented. That is, they hear to measure employee performance by examining the extent to which predetermined work objectives have been met.MBO begins with managers at the top of the company setting goals. Then managers and employees at each triumphively lower level develop their own goals. Employees goals are designed to support the goals of their own managers. In this way, the entire organization is linked toge ther in the pursuit of objectives. The focus is on outcomes that are clear, specific, measurable, and supported by action plans, benchmark dates, and deadlines. All aspects of the goal-setting process also apply to the employees person-to-person and breedingal goals, such as building their skills or knowledge base. at once an objective is agreed, the employee is usually expected to self-audit that is, to identify the skills needed to achieve the objective. typically they do not rely on others to locate and specify their strengths and weaknesses. They are expected to monitor their own development and progress.After employees meet with their managers to establish their goals and action plans, the employees return to work reinvigoratedly energized and focused on specific short-term and retentiveer-term targets. Simultaneously, their managers monitor the employees performance, provide coaching and support, remove barriers or religious service employees overcome them, and make adjus tments and course corrections as necessary. The employees performance and progress are clear, measured, documented, and transparent every step of the way.Employees are highly incite through MBO because theyve been able to actively participate in the process of setting goals, instead of simply having the goals dumped on them. Their involvement in this type of decision-making helps meet many of their higher-level needs for accomplishment, achievement, recognition, and self-worth.MBO brings a wide range of advantages to the appraisal processIt helps build relationships between managers and employees. MBO includes a great deal of contact and dialogue between managers and their employees, which builds camaraderie, communication, and cartel all key elements in strengthening teamwork.It fosters a comfortable climate in the workplace. MBO helps build an atmosphere of respect and trust within a given department and beyond.Because managers work directly with employees to identify and solv e problems, MBO improves the quality of decision-making and problem solving.Its fair. Employees are evaluated on the basis of their performance and attainment of goals, which is regarded as fair and energizing.Its quick and easy. Performance evaluation forms associated with MBO are a breeze to complete. Typically, they spell out each objective as established at the beginning of the cycle, and then provide a billet for the manager to summarize the results.Some MBO forms also include a plateful that asks for a numerical assessment of the employees success in meeting their goals. These scales imbibe the managers in the rating process by including specific descriptions of excellent, good, fair, and poor levels of goal attainment.Management by Objectives and performance appraisalThe MBO approach overcomes some of the problems that become as a result of assuming that the employee traits needed for job success can be reliably identified and measured.Instead of assuming traits, the MBO method concentrates on actual outcomes.If the employee meets or exceeds the set objectives, then he or she has demonstrated an acceptable level of job performance. Employees are judged according to sincere outcomes, and not on their potential for success, or on someones subjective whimsey of their abilities.The guiding principle of the MBO approach is that direct results can be observed, whereas the traits and attributes of employees (which whitethorn or whitethorn not contribute to performance) must be guessed at or inferred.The MBO method recognizes the fact that it is difficult to neatly dissect all the complex and varied elements that go to make up employee performance.MBO advocates claim that the performance of employees cannot be broken up into so many constituent split as one might take apart an engine to study it. But put all the parts together and the performance may be directly observed and measured.CONCLUSIONAlthough OD emphasizes the macro aspects of the organization , the individual is not ignored. In fact, individual developmental aspirations are identified and unified with management development managerial needs are translated into personal development objectives and action plans.Management by Objectives, the widely acclaimed and applied approach to management, has undergone grand change over the years. In its early development, MBO was primarily an appraisal tool. Next, it integrated individual needs with organizational objectives. MBO was then expanded to include long range, strategic planning. But to remain a viable and effective managerial system, MBO must continue to evolve. New knowledge, where appropriate, must be merged with MBO.The inputs to the organization are transformed through the MBO process to produce the outputs. To be sure, this new MBO model is complex, but so is management. MBO must continue its evolutionary elbow room and continue to aid, not add to, the work of the manager.

Estimation of Mound Height in Endoscopic Treatment of VUR

Estimation of megabucks Height in Endoscopic manipulation of VURA Numerical Study to Precise the Estimation of the Good Mound Height in Endoscopic preaching of VURAuthor(s)Mehdi Shirazi1, Zahra Jahanabadi2, Zeinab Hooshyar5, Zahra Mortazavinia4, Alireza Mehdizadeh3, Mojtaba Taherisadr6AbstractPurpose it seems that in that location is no de bounded and standard mightiness to ascertain the technique and record of shooter in severalise to growing the victory sum up of endoscopic VUR interference. In this study, we introduced a novel manner to quantitatively jell the human human relationship amid virtually indexes in order to determine optimal twirler bloom promise to standardize the scene technique in this kind-hearted of word.Material and method The of import purpose of this study is to construct a finite fragment seeming of internal ureter and injected atomic reactor which aims to numeric every(prenominal)y go down the relationship between indexes which admit influence in VUR endoscopic interposition. utilize linearization software and numerically simulation data the relationship between strong indexes has been derived.Result By linearization of the effective parameters of assorted finite component part models, the relationship between effective parameters in filling phase is derived as H=0.7456D+ 0.02174L +0.01846. This equation depicts commensurate injected mickle vizor as a manoeuver of midland diameter and internal space, H=f(L,D). cultivation Using numerical simulation, we introduced the novel formula to foreshadow the tip of injected good deal in endoscopic VUR treatment. As a vector sum of this study, in order to step-up the triumph rate of this treatment, the ratio of mountain upside to internal ureter diameter should be approximately 74% (3/4).Keywords Mound height, Endoscopic treatment, Vesico ureteral ebb, Finite element modelIntroductionVesico ureteral ebbing (VUR) is a major disorder of puerilit y declared by retreat weewee flow from the bladder toward the kidney, predisposing affected roles to UTI and nephritic scarring and in long term leading to renal insufficiency and hypertension1. afoot(predicate) treatment options include close observation with urinary chemoprophylaxis, token(prenominal)ly encroaching(a) endoscopic subureteral injection of bulking agents and open or laparoscopic reimplantation2. The prophylactic antibiotic ascend is proper for uncomplicated wane (grade I-III without planetary houseificant renal scarring or find infection)3. This type of treatment doesnt cure VUR and has some problems such(prenominal) as patient noncompliance and increased antibiotic resistance4.Surgical reimplantation of the ureter is an invasive method5 and already used for patients with high grade reflux, children with breakthrough UTI and children with reflux and developed renal scarring6. Endoscopic subureteral injection of bulking agents was introduced by Matouscheck as an evolution in treatment of reflux with a high winner rate and minimal invasion6, 7. The way used as a bulking existent should be biocompatible, nonantigenic, nonmigratory and non-toxic with minimal local inflammation8. Multiple techniques on injection have been described. These methods include subureteral needle placement8, intraureteral needle placement9, 10 or some combinations of these. During new-fashioned years, several studies have been through with(p) to determine success or failure of endoscopic treatment, and various injection techniques have been introduced. Puri et al., described release appearance as the main sign of success of injection11. The proper shape was demonstrated by adequate coaptation of the ureteral hatchway and by its location in the bladder below the ureteral opening and/or along the waldeyers sheat12, 13.Despite all the studies carried out to determine the success or failure of endoscopic treatment, such as description of volcano appearance, i njection technique in combination with hydrodistention, increasing injected volume, use of intraoperative cystogram with a simulated riddance phase, at that place is no clear and standard index to ascertain the technique and volume of injection in order to increase the success rate. In this study, we introduced a novel method to numerically define the relationship between some indexes in order to determine optimum atomic pile height promise to standardize the injection technique.Materials MethodIn this study, a computational simulation was proposed to simulate the intramural ureter and injected mound which aims to numerically define the relationship between indexes which have influence in retrograde urine flow from intramural ureter.Geometry of the numerical modelFig. 1 illustrates delineated representation of the functional habitus of the ureterovesical junction and urinary anti reflux mechanism as the accumulation of urine within the bladder leave lead to the tight result of the portion of the ureter in between, thus preventing the regardant(postnominal) return of urine to the kidneys, urinary anti reflux mechanism. In Fig. 1, P, D, H and L are intravesical contract, intramural ureter diameter, injected mound height, and intramural ureter duration, respectively. Section A in Figure 1 depicts the cross section of the intramural ureter with injected mound. The geometrical data of intramural ureter and ureterovesical junction were apply as per Table 1.Materials Properties and sharpness ConditionsMaterial properties for the intramural ureter wall were assumed to be linear elastic, isotropic, incompressible, and consistent with Youngs modulus of 10 Kpa 18. The injected mound was modeled as a rigid volume as shown in Fig.3. The boundary conditions for the wall were (1) the throne surface of intramural wall was fixed at the connection to the inhering bladder wall. (2) The upper wall was assumed to be free such that the deformation would occur due to the intravesical atmospheric wring and contri stille to the tight period of the portion of the ureter in between.Solution MethodThe ANSYS 11 software was industrious to simulate the intramural ureter with injected mound in voiding phase. The intravesical pressure was use on the upper portion of the intramural wall. The upper bound of intravesical pressure was considered to be 160 CmH2 O to encompass both male and female person intravesical voiding pressures15, see Table 1. The 8-Node structural solid mesh has been utilized in finite element model to have adequate adoption with this geometry and material behavior.3 ResultsFig. 2 illustrates the total deformation of the intramural ureter with injected mound in voiding phase. As shown, the intramural ureter has been closed due to the intravesical pressure. Fig. 3 shows the deformed and undeformed intramuralwall in re perplex and voiding phase. As shown, in voiding position the injected mound height is high enough for the intramura l ureter to be closed due to the intravesical pressure and prevents retrograde urine flow.In the first attempt, keeping the intramural ureter length constant, by ever-changing intravesical pressure and internal diameter, the adequate injected mound height leading to tight closure of intramural ureter was obtained.By linearization of the effective parameters of about 30 different finite element models, the primary relationship between injected mound height, intravesical pressure and internal diameter of intramural ureter was defined as bellow, H=f(D,P)H=-0.0000003219P+0.7864D+0.000233(4) concord to this relationship, it has been inferred that intravesical pressure coefficient is minute in comparison with coefficient of other effective parameters and it shows that changing the intravesical pressure plays an in real role in adequate injected mound height.In order to investigate the more effective indexes on injected mound height, the intramural length has been considered as one of vari able parameters in finite element modeling. Varying internal diameter, intramural length and linearization of obtained data, the relationship between parameters was derived asH=0.7456D+ 0.02174L +0.01846(5)This equation depicts optimum mound height as a function of internal diameter and intramural length, H=f(L,D).4DiscussionEndoscopic treatment of VUR was introduced more than 25 years ago and since then many different substances and injection techniques have been used with different results13. Choosing endoscopic treatment is reasonable, as it has many advantages, such as technical simplicity, greater acceptance of patients and parents and significant decrease in post- operation complications7. By improving the injection techniques the rate of endoscopic treatment has significantly increased as compared with open ureteral reimplantation2. During the recent years, many studies have been done to increase the ability to identify factors predicting success with the endoscopic subureter al injection19. At 2003, Puri et al.11 described volcano appearance as the main sign of success of injection. The proper shape was demonstrated byadequate coaptation of the ureteral orifice and by its location in the bladder below the ureteral orifice and/or along the waldeyers sheat12.In different studies conducted by Lavelle et al.12 and Yucel et al. 20, it was institute that a subjectively proper mound appearance was highly prognosticative of injection success, but it should be noned that the morphology and location of the mound are not perfectly predictive of injection success or failure, as the mound seems perfectly adequate in some injections but the injection is not successful also, the imperfect mound morphology does not necessarily imply injection failure12. Moreover, Ellworth PI et al. showed no correlation between the presence of a mound on post-injection ultrasound and the success of injection19. round research agrees that an intraureteral injection technique in combi nation with hydrodistention results in high success rates but this is controversial9,10,20,21. The effect of injected volume on increasing the success rate is also controversial. Mathew D et al. showed that increasing the injection material volume will improve the success of subureteric injection22 but other centers have shown that higher injection material volume doesnt necessarily increase the treatment success rate21. So the effect of the injected volume in sleeper with improved success rate remain unclear12.To determine the treatment success or failure, Tarry WF et al. described the utility of an intraoperative cystogram with a simulated voiding phase, but they demonstrated that an introperative cystogram can only detect de novo contralateral reflux but is not a proper method to predict the final success of injection6. Despite all the mentioned studies, still there is no definite and standard index to ascertain the technique and volume of injection, and also there is no quant itative index for determining the proper mound size and shape. So, we have conducted a study aiming to define an optimum injection mound by finite element modeling.In this study, we introduced a novel method to numerically define the relationship between some indexes in order to determine optimum mound height promise to standardize the injection technique in VUR treatment. It should be noted that due to every patient individual properties of intramural, it is not logical to consider similar injected mound height for all VUR treatment cases. Thus, it is needed to state the adequate injected mound height based on individual indexes of each case. The Intravesical pressure, intramural ureter diameter and length are some of these effective indexes. By specifying the relationship between all of these effective factors, the adequate and optimum injected mound height can be determined which can contribute to more success in treatment of VUR. In addition, it can help to save the needed inje cted mound height and make this injection method more economical.The results of this study show that the intravesical pressure has an insignificant effect on the required injected mound height. However, intramural length plays an important role on it in comparison with Intravesical Pressure. Moreover, the ratio of mound height to intramural ureter diameter is approximately 0.74 (3/4), which is drawn that in order to have successful VUR treatment, it is needed that about 74% of intramural ureter diameter be filled with the injected mound.It should be mentioned that in Department of urogenital medicine of Shiraz University for the first time, an innovative method, introduced by Taheri et al.23, is used to measure the injected mound height to assure the adequate injected mound height. In this method by adjusting camera, laparoscopy electron lens and imaging screen, it would be possible to measure the injected mound height as a ratio of projected picture on the screen.This study has se rved some point of accumulation. The realistic cross section of intramural ureter has star shape. However, because of some limitation in finite element modeling, the circular one considered. Furthermore, we considered computational simulation only in voiding phase, although VUR may occur in resting phase.ConclusionIn this study using numerical simulation, we introduced the novel formula to predict the height of injected mound in endoscopic VUR treatment. As a result of this study, in order to increase the success rate of this tevhnique, the ratio of mound height to intramural ureter diameter should be approximately 74% (3/4). Moreover, clinical study has been conducted to ascertain the accuracy of this obtained height.Fig. 1Diagrammatic representation of the functional anatomy of the ureterovesical junctionFig. 2Intramural ureter displacement in voiding phaseFig. 3Deformed and undeformed intramural urine wallReferencesLenaghan, D., et al., The natural history of reflux and longterm effects of reflux on the kidney. J Urol, 1976.115(6) p. 728-30.Cerwinka, W.H., et al., Radiologic features of implants later endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2010. 195(1) p. 234-40.Harper, L., et al., Postoperative cystography and endoscopic treatment of lowgrade vesicoureteral reflux. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2008. 18(3) p. 461-463.Hsieh, M.H., et al., Treatment of Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Using Endoscopic jibe of Hyaluronic Acid/Dextranomer mousse Intermediate-term Experience by a Single Surgeon.j urology, 2010. 76(1) p. 199-203.Elder, J.S., et al., Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines table Summary Report on the focus of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children. j urology, 1997. 157(5) p. 1846-1851.Perlmutter, A.E., et al., Utility of an intraoperative cystogram with a simulated voiding phase after endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. W V Med J, 2008. 104(4) p. 22-4.Rivilla, F., Endoscopic treatme nt of vesicoureteral reflux in a paediatric surgery ambulatory unit. Vol. 7. 2011.132-5.Bae, Y.D., et al., Endoscopic Subureteral blastoff for the Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children Polydimethylsiloxane (Macroplastique) versus Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer (Deflux). Korean J Urol, 2010. 51(2) p. 128-131.Gupta, A. and W. Snodgrass, Intra-Orifice Versus Hydrodistention implantation Technique in Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Vesicoureteral Reflux. J urology, 2008. 180(4) p. 1589-1593.Kirsch, A.J., et al., The modified sting procedure to correct vesicoureteral reflux improved results with submucosal implantation within the intramural ureter. J urology, 2004. 171(6 Pt 1) p. 2413-2416.Puri, P., et al., Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux by Endoscopic Injection of Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer Preliminary Results. J urology, 2003. 170(4) p. 1541-1544.Routh, J.C. and Y. Reinberg, Predicting Success in the Endoscopic Management of Pediatric Vesicoure teral Reflux. Uro, 2010. 76(1) p. 195-198.Lavelle, M.T., M.J. Conlin, and S.J. Skoog, Subureteral injection of Deflux for correction of reflux Analysis of factors predicting success. Uro, 2005. 65(3) p. 564-567.Yeung CK, G.M., Duffy PG, Ransley PG., Nat

And Learning English With The Help Of Computers Education Essay

And Learning English With The Help Of estimators Education quizThis try out attempts to explore and analyse the role of computers in the process of principle and take awaying English in an Argentinean private tumble lessons of English. The main discipline is to investigate and understand the use of computers in the schoolroom and to discover whether they generate to foster the process of cultivation English. The different teaching stains ar examined as well as the activities carried out in the classroom and the students and teachers roles.The environments in which students learn and the ways in which people mould and live be ever being transformed by existing and emerging technologies. Hence, technological changes appears to mold everyone in society and challenge the traditional process of teaching and tuition, as well as the way in which education is managed. The emergence of the radio, television, put d make players and videos became in-chief(postnominal) resou rces for teachers to support their lessons and the same occurred in the seventies and eighties when personal computers reached the markets.It waits to be useful to carry out this research in tell to ascend the values that engineering, especially computers, offers to education considering ii crowds of learners from two different school of English in Olavarra, which is a city in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. legion(predicate) theories stick out been presented by various researches and in that location is still controversy among this topic. Thus, delving into such(prenominal) important aspects is crucial to be experimented in order to formulate our own conclusions. This paper will be aimed at gathering averageingful findings which may help teachers in general to start considering the use of computers and the Internet in the different classrooms. (change or accommodate)Warschauer (1996) suggests that engineering turned out to be an essential tool in education as it provides students with valuable connections with teachers, different schools and pupils, as well as a wide net hold out of professionals around the globe. Nowadays, these substantial technologies are used in education in order to remediate it and make students take full advantage of them. Nevertheless, fostering the use of computers seems to be complex issue to be implemented in Argentineans classrooms due to the lack of resources. As a result, few schools have the possibility to take advantage of the available technology and teachers tend to avoid this new tool.The purpose of this work is to show whether the use of computers and the Internet stimulates students to learn a foreign actors line and help them to develop the different macro skills efficiently. Expectations are directed towards the activities that learners are able to do with technology that they would not be able to do without it. The findings of this research will bring valuable foundations to reflect upon the a dvantages of introducing computer support spoken communication learning (CALL) in the process of teaching and learning a foreign nomenclature.Literature re judgementThe roles of computers in the classroomThe integration of computers in education has been discussed widely and much attention has been devoted to their role in the classrooms. The first implementation of computers in education was around the 1960s solely their use was very limited. From that time onwards, the developments of computers grew and the role it has in education at present is that of an instructional tool for delivering information that can stimulate teaching and learning.Computer support language learning (CALL) is becoming a relevant nation and might help teachers to motivate students to learn through technology. Bergel and Gonzlez (2009) states that web- base tools might bring home the bacon for real life communicative needs, and they allow students to become more than supreme and to interact with other learners, teachers and society in general. It has also been stated that trusted types of learners may be better suited to some CALL materials than other students (Chapelle Jamieson, 1986, p. 27). The authors assured that students who are not field independent, for example, show a solid preference for using CALL.There are three point in times of Computer assisted language learning identifiable in recent years. According to Warschauer (1996), there exists three phases of CALLBehaviouristic is based on behaviourist learning theory, and it focuses on repetitive language drills. In this stage, the computer is viewed as a tutor acting as a medium for sending instruction manual and materials to students.Communicative The second phase of CALL emerged in the 970s and 1980s when the communicative approach to the teaching of a foreign language was in vogue. This stage emerged when educators felt that the oil production approach did not allow enough trusty communication. The comp uter is used for skill practice, however there no drilling techniques are used. There is more learner choice, control and interaction. Now, the emphasis is on learning as a creative process of discovery, expression and development. In this case, the purpose of the CALL activity is not so much to have students discover the right answer, but rather to stimulate students discussion, makeup, or censorious thinking (Warschauer, 1996, p. 3).Integrative it focuses on a social o socio-cognitive view of learning. The use of language in a more sure mise en scene is emphasised, which encourages students to construct meaning using computers. This phase is based on two important technological developments multimedia and the Internet. Multimedia technology, brings many advantages and it can lone(prenominal) be found in a computer. What makes multimedia even more powerful is that it also entails hypermedia. That means that the multimedia resources are all conjugated together and that learn ers can navigate their own path simply by pointing and clicking a mouse (Warschauer, 1996, p. 4).The Internet with the Web 2.0 offers all users the possibility to create, upload and edit texts, besides other synergistic tools. Learners can create and supplant information freely.The development from one stage to some other does not mean the rejection of the previous stage. All of them are integrated and complement to each other. At present, CALL is in vogue and many researchers have agreed on the advantages it gives to learn a foreign language. It is noticeable that CALL might give the possibility to learn a language as it can be a tutor which offers language drills or skill practice a stimulus for discussion and interaction or a tool for piece of music and research. With the advent of the Internet, it can also be a medium of world(prenominal) communication and a source of limitless authentic materials (Warschauer, 1996, p. 7).As state by Garret (1991), computers can serve a ma nikin of uses for language teaching but the use of the computer does not constitute a method but a medium in which a variety of methods, approaches, and pedagogical philosophies may be implemented (p. 75). Teachers appear to be the ones who are responsible for introducing new technological methods to their classes and guide students towards a better learning.Computers as teaching and learning toolsReading and vocabulary using computers in the classroom for learning, which include articles taken from the Internet, might support the development of reading skills among students. Kasper (2000) states that these reading materials which are taken from the Internet supply a variety of modern, authentic texts if compared to materials sourced from textbooks.As some researchers have conducted various studies on the use of technology in foreign language teaching, there is one empirical study which showed that two dissimilar group of students were given the same language activity, but in diffe rent modes in the traditional pen-and-paper format and using computers. afterwards the activity, Bruce Levin (1997) were able to identify the different degrees of motive towards both tasks arguing that computer-assisted magnetic declination of the activity was found more highly motivating and beneficial for the group of learners which were observed.The skill of writing, for example, is at present the subject of a considerable fare of research. Mills (1996) affirms that writing is mainly a social act come to first and foremost with cognition and always associated to context. In general, writing seems to be a solitary act in which students generally fulfil an appellative either at home or at school to be handed in to their teachers. The social aspects of writing are diminished when there is a restriction on the social space where readers and writers come together (Mills, 1996, p. 2). Thus, using the tools that the internet is offering might help to abridge the outdistance betw een writers and readers.Communication with native speakers allows learners to practise specific skills such as discussing, asking for clarification, negotiating meaning, persuading others, clarifying different aspects, asking for information, etcetera. Warschauer and Meskill (2000) state that Computer based discussion which takes place outside the classroom increases students opportunities to communicate in another forum, affording both general language practice and practice in writing (p. 8).According to Larson (1999), the transactional nature of the Internet and the pedagogical relevance of state-of-the-art web-based interactive technologies make web-based instruction a viable vehicle for foreign language education. There could more research done in this area to further investigate the option of using the Internet to facilitate foreign language learning and thus, main findings will serve as sharing research-based experience which will enrich the different investigations that hav e been done so far.Bergel and Gonzlez (Ibid.) argues that word-processors, blogs, wikis and emails among others seem to contribute to the learning of a foreign language and increase students motivation promoting contact with authentic language. Computers ought to be integrated in the school environment as it has become an increasingly important feature of the learning situation for students in general, as well as a significant division to the teaching of a foreign language and that is the reason why teachers should find a way to introduce it in the teaching-learning situationThe invention of the feeling press has transformed the intellectual life of the world and has improve the learning conditions. By the same token, computers have done a similar work nowadays for, with the click of a mouse, we are able to see what is taking place in the world. Therefore, Larson (Ibid.) claims that it is extremely significant to consider these opportunities that technology offers to the educati onal system taking account of the students level that is the most suitable in each situation.In the present study, the advantages of using technology for learning a foreign language will be discussed, trying to demonstrate such advantages upon a group of learners. What role does the instructor (teacher) play in this aspect, and how important is the instructors presence? What is the technologys effect on the learning of the foreign language and skills? Do students enjoy the experience and feel motivated? Do students perceive that they improved their skill or performance in learning with the help of technology? The answers to these questions will be examined in the present research.

The Primary Obstacle To Success Marketing Essay

The Primary obstructer To Success Marketing EssayThe primary obstacle to success in international tradeing is a persons self reference metre (SRC) in reservation decision, that is, an unconscious reference to one and only(a)s put one across ethnic set, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions. The SRC impedes the ability to assess a foreign market in its true light. if we talk about in basic basis then SRC means to forget about self like if a fraternity is leaving to around a nonher res publica then the going company will shake to take care about the grow etc of the host country and will accept to forget about our finishing like McDonalds when entered India they sold product aloo tikki burger in spite of their beef burger. In international marketing scenarios, we are talking about working in variant ethnic environments and hence a self referenced behaviour whitethorn not be the correct behaviour from the perspective derriere culture. Hence, realizatio n of this difference of culture and the possibility of self reference criterion is important in international marketing. This is not such a heroic issue in domestic marketing since the cultural difference is not major. Animals provide a good illustration of the impact of the SRC on the sentiment process. Ameri weeds and Europeans plebeianly treat dogs as family members, addressing the animals affectionately and even letting dogs in circumstanceission on family members beds. However in Arab, view dogs as filthy animals. close to in the Far East go so far as to cook and eat dogs. A consumption habit viewed as vile and compared to placenibalism by Americans. Hindus, in contrast, revere cows and do not bring in how Americans can eat beef, especially in large quantity.In read to investigate a phenomenon in an early(a) country, a researcher or marketing manager must attempt to eliminate the SRC effect. The marketing altercate is to create a product that fits the directs of a par ticular culture. The heraldic bearing of the SRC, if not controlled, can invalidate the result of a research study. d inducewind suggests a multi step approach to remove the undue influence of the SRC. prime(prenominal) the fuss should be defined in propose of the culture of the researchers piazza country. Second, the same problem is defined again, except that it is defined in terms of the cultural norms of the host country. Third, a comparison is make of the devil cultural composites. Any difference noted between the composites indicates an existence of the SRC, necessitating an otherwise touch sensation at the problem with SRC removed.To illustrate the impact of the SRC, consider misunderstanding that can occur about personal space between people of contrary cultures. In the west, unrelated individuals keep a certain physical aloofness between themselves and other when talking to each other or in groups. We do not consciously think about that distance we equitable know what feels right without thinking. When someone is alike close or too far forth, we feel un thriving and either move further away or get closer to correct the distance, we are relying on our SRC. In some cultures, the acceptable distance between individuals is substantially less than that comfortable to westerners. When they, unaware of another(prenominal) cultures acceptable distance, are approached too closely by someone from another culture, the unconsciously confusion results for the parties. Westerners assume foreigners are pushy, piece of music foreigners assume westerners are unfriendly and stand-offish. Both react to the values of their own SRCs, making them all victims of a cultural misunderstanding.http//www.citeman.com/7414-the-self-reference-criterion-and-ethnocentrism-major-obstacles/Ethnocentrism and the SRC can influence an military rating of the appropriateness of a domestically designed marketing mix for a foreign market. If US marketers are not aware, they migh t evaluate a marketing mix based on US experiences (i.e. their SRC) without fully appreciating the cultural differences that require adaptation. Esso, the brand bring out of a gasoline, was a successful name in the United States and would seem harmless enough for foreign countries save in Japan the name thinktically means stalled car an unenviable image for gasoline. Another example is Pet in pet Milk. The name has been used for decades, yet in France the word pet means, among other things, gasolene again, not the desired image for canned milk. Both of these examples were real mistakes made by major companies stemming from reliance on their SRC in making a decision. In US culture, a persons SRC would not reveal a problem with either Esso or pet, that in international marketing, relying on ones SRC could garden truck an inadequately adapted marketing program that ends in failure.Question BTo enter a foreign market, a manufacturer has a shape of strategic options. Many compani es employ multiple strategies. Polycentricity is a strong predilection to the host country. The attitude places emphasis on differences between markets that are caused by variations in spite of appearance, such as in income, culture, laws and politics. The assumption is that each market is ridiculous and consequently difficult for outsiders to understand. Thus, managers from the host country should be employed and allowed to have a great deal of discretion in market decisions. A significant stratum of decentralization is thus common across the foreign divisions. On the other hand egocentricity is a compromise between the two extremes of ethonocentricity and policentricity. It could be argued that this attitude is the most important of the three. Egocentricity is an orientation that considers the whole human rather than any particular country as the target market. A geocentric company might be thought of as denationalized or supranational. As such international or foreign depart ments or markets do not exist because the company does not designate anything international or foreign about market. There is a high likelihood that a geocentric company does not identify itself with a particular country. Therefore, it is frequently difficult to determine the firms home country except through the localisation principle of its headquarters and its corporate registration.A subculture is a distinct and identifiable cultural group that has values in common with the overall familiarity tho to a fault has certain characteristics that are unique to itself. Subcultures are groups of people within a larger society. Although the diverse subcultures share some basic traits of the wider culture, they in like manner preserve their own customs and lifestyles, making them significantly different from other groups within the larger culture of which they are a part. Indonesia, for example, has more than three hundred ethnic groups, with lifestyles and cultures that seem thous ands of years apart.There are many different ways to classify subcultures. Although race or ethnic origin is one obvious way, it is not the only one. Other demographic and social variables can be just as suitable for establishing subcultures within a nation. The degree of intra country homogeneity varies from one country to another. In the lawsuit of Japan, the society as a whole is remarkably homogeneous. Although some regional and racial diversities as well as differences among income classes are to be found, the differentials are not pronounced. There are several reasons why Japan is a comparatively homogeneous country. It is a small country in terms of area, making its population geographically concentrated. National pride and management philosophy also help to forge a high degree of unity. As a result, people work together harmoniously to achieve the some common goals.One study of the relationship between ethnicity and lifestyles found significant differences among position, French, Italian, and Grecian Canadians even when socio demographic variables were controlled. Greek Canadians, for example, are more brands loyal but dislike credit. Each ethnic group, due to size, may require a differentiated marketing strategy.Ethnically speaking, two prominent subcultures emerge slope speaking and French speaking. Studies have repeatedly shown that the French speaking and English speaking households differ from each other significantly in term of demographics, subculture, and consumption habits. French Canadians consumer behaviour is a cross between that of marriage Americans and that of the continental French, being both similar to and different from those of these two groups. par to the French, Quebecers are more direct, less dramatic and less formal. Compare to other English Canadians, Quebecers move far less often and thus have far less need to make long distance phone calls to relatives and friends.Subculture may provide an effectual basis for market se gmentation. In the case of the United States, African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans spend around $750 cardinal annually and deserve marketing attention. American firms attempt to attract various sub cultural groups in many different ways. Carnival cruise Lines has an entire cruise ship (Fiesta Marina) just for the Hispanic market. McDonalds has created a mac Report series of Spanish infomercials. J C Penney has outfitted clxx stores to carry merchandise for Hispanic and African American consumers. ATT, MCI, and Sprint have advertised their long distance phone services in a variety of Asian dialects. One marketer offered native dustup coupons better-looking $24 discounts with each purchase to Chinese Americans. Unfortunately, 2 and 4 in some Chinese communities are close to the words easy and dying respectively. Naturally, many customers do not want easy death. In another case, green baseball crests were offered as premiums during a Chinese New stratum ce lebration. Among older generations, a man wearing a green cap wants to bring public scorn on his wife by corpulent the public that his is cheating on him.Culture prescribes acceptable beliefs, traditions, customs and values that are then socially shared. Culture is subjective, enduring yet projectile and cumulative. It affects peoples behaviour in diverse ways through logic, communication and consumptions. Although some cultural traits are universal, many others are unique and vary from country to country. And in spite of national norm, cultural differences as a control even exist within each country. While there may be a tendency to misunderstand different cultures and subcultures, this temptation should be resisted. Being the force that it is, the culture of one country should not be judged as superior to the culture of another country. Each culture has its own particular values and social practices, and the international marketer will be much further ahead if he or she tries t o walk in the other persons shoes in order to understand more clearly that persons concerns and ideas. It is also more important to know what a person thinks than what that persons language is. Because of the great differences in language and culture around the world, any firms need to adjust their approach to solving marketing problems in different countries. In a foreign cultural environment, the marketing plan that has worked well at home may no longer be effective. As a result, the firms marketing mix may have to undergo significant adaption and adjustment. However, effective marketing in this environment will thus mandate that the company be culturally responsive.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. International marketing, Analysis and Strategy, Third edition by Sak Onkvisit John J Shaw chapter 1, 6, 92. International marketing, European edition by Cateora and Ghauri chapter 1, 63. Marketing across cultures, 4th edition by J C Usunier and J A Less realm 1 (1,23), Part 2 (4, 7)

Essay on Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club

Search for Identity in delectation luck Club Each person reaches a point in their life when they begin to search for their own, unique indistinguishability. In her novel, Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan follows Jing Mei on her search for her Chinese identity an identity long neglected. Four Chinese gos have migrated to America. Each hope for their missys success and pray that they will not experience the hardships face in China. One mother, Suyuan, imparts her knowledge on her daughter through stories. The American culture influences her daughter, Jing Mei, to such a degree that it is hard for Jing Mei to come across her mothers culture and life lessons. Yet it is not until Jing Mei realizes that the key to apprehension who her mother was and who she is lies in understanding her mothers life. Jing Mei spends her American life stressful to pull away from her Chinese heritage, and therefore also ends up puff away from her mother. Jing Mei does not understand the culture and doe s not tone it is necessary to her life. When she grows up it is not fashionable to be called by your Chinese name (Tan 26). She doesnt use, understand, or remember the Chinese expressions her mother did, claiming she can neer remember things she didnt understand in the first place (Tan 6). Jing Mei begs her mother to buy her a transistor radio, but her mother refuses when she remembers something from her past, inquire her daughter Why do you think you are missing something you never had? (Tan 13) Instead of viewing the situation from her mothers Chinese-influenced side, Jing Mei takes the juvenile American glide slope and sulks in silence for an hour (Tan 13). By ignoring her mom and her moms advice, Jing Mei is also ignoring... ...Jing Mei realizes the part of her that is Chinese is her family. She must embrace the memory of her exsanguine mother to grasp that part of her identity. Works Cited and Consulted Gates, David. Critical Extract. Asian-American Women Writers. Ed. Har old Bloom. Philadelphia Chelsea House, 1997. 83-4. Heung, Marina. Daughter-Text/Mother-Text Matrilineage in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club. Feminist Studies (Fall 1993) 597-616. Huntley, E. D. Amy Tan A Critical Companion. Westport Greenwood P, 1998. Shear, Walter. generational differences and the diaspora in The Joy Luck Club. Women Writers. 34.3 (Spring 1993) 193 Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. sensitive York A Division of Random House, Inc., 1991.. Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American lit From Necessity to Extravagance. Princeton Princeton UP, 1993