To Ms. Helen Soter, Instructor. From Brandon Johnson,

To: Ms. Helen Soter, Instructor From: Brandon Johnson, Student Date: February 15, 2017 Subject: Negative Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Pilots Introduction Meeting the recommended hours of sleep per night is taught as a building block of success. However, certain professions and lifestyles may prevent an adequate sleep schedule. Airline pilots are often required to work busy and ever-changing schedules. Many pilots frequently travel across time zones and wake up for an early morning flight. Pilots often operate an aircraft even when he or she recognizes sleep deprivation in his or her self. The airline industry should prevent pilots who are sleep deprived from flying an aircraft by implementing policies which require testing of†¦show more content†¦The CFS gives fatigue scores in three categories: psychological, physical, and global, along with a binary classification of the likelihood of fatigue (Jackson Earl, 2006). According to Jackson and Earl (2006), the questionnaire resulted in 121 of the 162 short-haul or scheduled airline pilots being severely fatigued. A different study involved placing questionnaire in the lockers o f 1500 Portuguese commercial pilots (Reis, Mestre, Canhà £o, Gradwell, Paiva, 2016). This questionnaire asked participants to complete the Fatigue Severity Scale. This scale expresses the significance level of participant fatigue by using weighted questions (Reis, Mestre, Canhà £o, Gradwell, Paiva, 2016). According to Reis, et al. (2009), 90.6% of 435 respondents regularly experience fatigue based on how they answered the Fatigue Severity Scale. A survey of 739 pilots found that fatigue was caused mainly by night flights and jet lag, 59% and 45%, respectively (Petrilli, Roach, Dawson, Lamond, 2006). Pilot fatigue is a big concern for the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), as it has been among the top of the list for safety concerns for the past 27 years (Caldwell, 2012). Incident reports indicate that 20% of flight incidents are related to fatigue, and that during the 90’s, about 45 incidents a year were related to fatigue (Hartzler, 2014). Hartzler also claims the decreased performance caused by

Letter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. King - 937 Words

The use of just laws was first abided by Dr. King in his â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail.† In this letter, he mentions the necessity of just laws in society and how individuals are morally obliged to follow them. He also makes a clear distinction between â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† laws, further advocating his beliefs. Dr. King defines the two different laws in his interpretation of what they actually mean in society. A just law is a human-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. In other words, a law that can uplift the personality of an individual is a law that is just. Also, citizens also have their moral responsibility in a constitutional democratic society to obey and abide by the laws of the country. In comparison to just†¦show more content†¦It negatively affects individuals beliefs and stands on their religious point of view, further making this unjust law. According to the Huffington posts, five things the Anti-Sharia mo vement gets dangerously wrong, â€Å"Spreading false information about Sharia has negative consequences for American Muslims.† This quote further proves this law to be unlawful and unjust to the thousands of Muslims, who practice their religion in fear, who continue to live in America today. In an article by Global Citizens called â€Å"10 Ridiculously Sexist Laws in the 21st Century† it explains the unethical law from Yemen in 1992 that states a wife â€Å"must permit [her husband] to have legitimate intercourse with her when she is fit to do so†. Women are often forced into marriage by their pre-teenage years, 14% are married before 15 Young women don’t have a choice against the actions of their husbands when it comes to intercourse simply because it is determined if the women is â€Å"fit enough†. This often leads to non-consensual sex which by law doesn’t count as rape in Yemen. I feel that this is an unjust and preposterous law that makes women feel as though they’re obligated to please a man as an he sees fit to them. They aren’t allowed to have a say to when they are ready for intercourse and they don’t have the government to protect them either while marital rape isn’t pressed on enough. TheShow More RelatedDr. King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1667 Words   |  7 Pagesyear of 1963, when racial discrimination was evident in the community, Dr. King delivered two of his most noted works called the â€Å"I have a Dream† speech and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† to the public. These two pieces, quickly following each other in succession, were literary works of Dr. King devoted to the cause of racial equality and used eclectic devices and appeals to achieve that goal. 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HoweverRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1666 Words   |  7 PagesA Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on scraps of paper in response to a public statement of his efforts being seen as extreme issued by eight clergymen, wh ile incarcerated in Birmingham. In response to the statement King makes a claim of Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Kings claim of â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Is supported throughout the entirety of his letter through the use of rhetoric devices such as EthosRead MoreThe Philosophy of Nonviolence of Dr. Martin Luther King in his Letter from a Birmingham Jail1355 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Letter from a Birmingham Jail gave the people an insight into the mind and his unwillingness to give up on his dream for better life and respect for ‘Negroes’. However, it was not just his mentality we have an insight on but also his philosophy, his mantra. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a devoted Christian and refused to use cruel, demeaning words and unnecessary violence to get his points across to the people. He fought against the injustices brought on upon the blackRead MoreAntigone And Dr. M artin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1233 Words   |  5 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used resistance against powerful leaders to follow their morals and make a statement. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s approach towards the reconstruction of society’s cultural understanding of segregation used civil disobedience in a more public and large-scale approach, whereas Antigone’s use of civil disobedience defied the law in a much more private, small-scale way toRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead Moreâ€Å"a Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’S ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†.1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†. 9% Similarity Born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., conceivably lived as one of the greatest social and religious leaders in a country where a group of its citizens had to endure excruciating conditions of disenfranchisement, inferiority and degradation of a second class citizenship by reasons of race, color or origin. In effort to condemn allRead MoreA Comparison of Letter From Birmingham City Jail and I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.1903 Words   |  8 Pages Martin Luther King Jr., one of the greatest speakers for the Black civil rights movement, had written many great works in his time. Two of his pieces stand out as his greatest works, Letter from Birmingham City Jail; a letter written from a jail in Birmingham where he was arrested for demonstrating peacefully, to clergymen who didnt agree with his views, and I Have a Dream; a speech given by King in front of the Washington Memorial at a huge civil rights tea party. Both

SAP Accounting Software

Question: Discuss about theSAP Accounting Software. Answer: Introduction: In order to maintain the overall financial matters of the organization, it is very much important or rather significant for enterprises to implement certain accounting software packages and maintain chronological records the respective transactions. Furthermore, with the help of accounting software or packages, enterprises would be able to calculate the financial performance of the organization and analyze the net position in the market place. Moreover, in order to maintain smooth balance between the activities in this fast and competitive world, accounting software and packages comes in very handy for organization to avoid any financial conflicts while delivering the services. Relating the same with the subject matter, the following study would highlight the history, development, and adaptation of SAP which is basically enterprise resource planning software and manage the business operations in an appropriate manner. Thus, the study would also highlight the market size and loop hole s present under the same. History: SAP was established by German multinational organization which enables the organization to maintain a smooth balance between business operations and customer relations. Currently, the company is providing support in more than 130 countries and earns revenue of more than 20 billion each financial year (Blain, 2016). Furthermore, SAP was founded by Dietmar Hopp, Hans-Werner Hector, and two others in 1972 and is delivering services to all over the globe. Elaborating more about the same, apart from considering the parameters of enterprise resource planning, the software is also meant to restructure the corporate affairs and contribute towards the betterment of the enterprise in terms of maintenance of records or affairs. While the primary version of the above mentioned accounting software or package is recognized by SAP R/98, in 1992 SAP R/3 was introduced with better stability, and accounting features. Thus, the shares of the enterprise are listed at Frankfurt Stock Exchange and New Yor k Stock Exchange. Development: Over the years, the organization is constantly developing the features of SAP for ensuring better performance of the organization in terms of chronological records and account maintenance (Buying financial accounting software, 2015). Some of the major development is mentioned below: Inclusion of IBM platform to enhance the services of many corporate Possibility of workload profiles to maintain healthy relationship between processes or procedures Implementation of multiple database system to contribute towards better execution of administrative obligations or tasks Data backup plan has been improved to provide more value to the precious data or information of the organization Expansion towards clouds to provide more storage and maintain stability in terms of maintenance along with easy access Implementation of modern applications to promote the independently of data or information Thus, all the above developments were implemented for the betterment of the organization and for enhancing the trust of the needful parties and enhancing the goodwill of the organization in the market place (Ciftci, 2010). Adoption: Since it is mandatory for both profitable and non-profitable organization to maintain chronological records of the activities, adoption of SAP is required for both of them so to remain valid in the eye of law. Furthermore, since the overall structure of SAP is divided into different modules such as sales and business intelligence, each and every organization after considering its requirement implement the SAP in an appropriate way. Moreover, it has been observed that adoption of SAP is increasing year by year because of the enhancement of the number of incorporations of organization in the current market place. Thus with the increasing benefits and continuous development of the above mentioned accounting and enterprise software, more than 60% of both financial and non-financial organization who is in need of accounting software or packages is implementing or considering SAP over its rivals or competitors (Franks, 2012). Current Market Size: As mentioned above, since SAP considers all the parameters of business and pay huge amount of attention towards the customer relations, it is not to be mentioned that the market size of the same is enhancing each financial year by three folds. While the competitors of SAP such as Oracle, Sage, Infor etc is existing in the market place with 6 to 12%, SAP is dominating all of them with huge 24% of share in the market place as stated below. Figure 1: Market Share of SAP Source: https://technologyadvice.com/ Furthermore, with positive feedbacks from all over the globe, the performance of the organization even in this fast and dynamic environment is increasing systematically and the path of the enterprise is headed towards profitable yet positive vision or mission. Moreover, it can easily be said that SAP with its utmost benefits and limited restrictions is becoming one of the favorites and preferable accounting software or packages for organization incorporated or enterprise going to be incorporated (McGee, 2015). Identification of Leaders in the Market: While SAP is considered as the most dominating leader in terms of accounting software or packages, some other companies which too are fighting with equal credibility and efficiency are Oracle which is basically engage in the collection and retrieving of data or information from relevant sources and contributing towards identifying the appropriate solutions of the information management. Founded in 1977, the organization is earning in billions each financial year and is registered under New York Stock Exchange. Thus, just like SAP, Oracle too provides data base services all over the globe and contribute towards the betterment of the organization in the market place. Elaborating more about the same Infor ERP services are considered as remarkable and are known for their positive goodwill and services in the market place. This company was established in 2002 and is providing services to all over the globe for the activities of enterprise resource engagements (Meissner, 2012). Thus, with operating income in billions, the organization too can be considered as one of the competitors of SAP and leader in enterprise resource planning industry. Thus, both Oracle and Infor can be considered as good performer in the accounting software or packages industry and are satisfying millions of customers during each financial year. However, services and goodwill of SAP compare to that of competitors are much high standard and extra ordinary. Uniqueness of SAP: The major reason behind the increased performance of SAP as compare to their competitors and the basis of gaining competitive advantage is mentioned below: Integration of accounting and enterprise resource planning software: While all the above mentioned competitors are efficient towards providing enterprise resource planning activities, SAP on the other hand is highly efficient and effective in integrating the accounting software along with the parameters of enterprise resource planning to gain competitive advantage over its rivals (Muggridge and Trott, 2014). By implementing SAP as an accounting software and enterprise resource software, organizations do not need any other software or package and as a result the company majority customers or users from the market place. Thus, combination of accounting and enterprise resource software is one of the major uniqueness of SAP which differentiates it from its competitors. Optimization as per the Size of the Organization: Also, SAP can be optimized as per the different size of the organization which can either be small, medium, or large. Thus, by designing the software for each type of organization, the company is leading in the market place and gaining competitive edge over its rivals or competitors (Niefert, 2011). Limitations of SAP: Since there are two sides of a coin, apart from the benefits and unique features as mentioned above, the software package is also comprises of some limitations or disadvantages which are mentioned below: High Cost: Even though SAP can be optimized depending on the scale of the organization, it would certainly not be feasible for small and medium size organization to bear such huge cost in order to perform the accounting and enterprise resource planning activities. Not user friendly: In order to implement the enterprise resource planning software in an appropriate way, it is relevant for all types of organization to recruit some qualified professionals as the features of SAP are not very friendly and requires great knowledge and experience to operate it (Zencke and Eichin, 2013). Compatibility Issues: Also, there are many applications of SAP which are not supported by all browsers and as a result compatibility issues come into picture which further also affects the response time between the front desk and back desk. Apart from the limitations mentioned above, it has been observed that many SAP applications are not successful and are enhancing the overall performance of the organization along with the downfall of enterprise portal of many organizations. Thus, if the budget of the organization is high and professionals are qualified enough to manage the SAP applications in an appropriate manner, than this accounting software or package is the best available enterprise resource planning tool in the market place. Conclusion: The above study simply highlights the over the top performance of SAP with limited restriction and disadvantages in the market place. Organizations coming from any scale can implement SAP to manage the business operations in an appropriate way and enhance the relationship with the customers all over the globe. Moreover, integration of accounting and enterprise resource planning feature helps the organization to gain competitive advantage in global market place (Zencke and Eichin, 2013). References Blain, J. (2016).Using SAP R/3. 1st ed. Indianapolis, IN: Que. Buying financial accounting software. (2015). 1st ed. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Computer Society. Ciftci, M. (2010). Accounting Choice and Earnings Quality: The Case of Software Development.European Accounting Review, 19(3), pp.429-459. Franks, R. (2012).Choosing accounting software. 1st ed. London: Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. McGee, R. (2015).Accounting for software. 1st ed. Homewood, Ill.: Dow Jones-Irwin. Meissner, G. (2012).SAP. 1st ed. Blacklick, USA: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Muggridge, J. and Trott, F. (2014).A guide to accounting software. 1st ed. London: Kogan Page [in association with] the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. Niefert, W. (2011).SAP Business ONE implementation. 1st ed. Birmingham, U.K.: Packt Pub. Zencke, P. and Eichin, R. (2013). SAP Business ByDesign.WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, 50(1), pp.47-51.

Meal Management free essay sample

Meal management is the process whereby resources, both material and human, are used to obtain goals that have to do with feeding the individual or the group. It involves planning, organizing, controlling and evaluating the meal service. These are tasks directly associated with the health, welfare and happiness of the individual or the group. What people eat and the conditions under which the meals are served should always be considered to realize the goal of meal management. To be exact, the goal of meal management is to provide food that will ensure the physical and mental growth of the person, his social development and well-being, with a reasonable expenditure of available resources. The goals are specifically categorized as good nutrition, planned spending, satisfying meals, and controlled use of time and energy. 1. PLANNING MEALS Planning meals include not only the listing of foods to serve during a meal, known as the menu, but also these activities as well: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Meal Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Planning the food budget; 2. Planning for food purchase, choosing the market, buying and storing supplies; and 3. Planning for preparing and serving meals. In planning meals, the following factors should be considered: 1. Nutritional adequacy- or the provision of palatable foods that are rich in essential nutrients. Nutrient needs of an individual are affected by age, sex, body built, and activities engaged in by the individual. 2. The Food Budget- The food budget is influenced by the family income, knowledge of the market shopper’s shopping skills, family food, likes and dislikes, and either goals and values. 3. Differences in food habits- These include the dietary habits of nationality groups, regional food patterns, cultural and religious patterns, and socioeconomic background. 4. The time and skill of the meal manager- The length of meal preparation, the amount of experience, and the time available are to be considered. 5. Suitability, availability, and quality of the food to be served. 6. Aesthetic and psychological aspects of food – or the proper combination of flavor, texture and shapes as well as variety in color, form, and arrangement. 7. Equipment available for food preparation PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MEALS Objective planning of meals enhances the meal manager’s chances of achieving her goals because she can control the use of her resources, especially the use of her time and energy in shopping, cooking, and serving meals and in decision-making. Furthermore, she can regulate her spending for food more easily. Objectivity in planning is possible if certain guidelines in meal planning are observed, such as: 1. Plan several day’s meals at a time, utilizing simple menus that are easy to prepare and serve. 2. Include more one-dish meals like sinigang, nilaga, bulanglang, tinola, and alike. 3. Plan meals that have interesting variety in color, texture and flavor. 4. Plan to serve foods that are not only in season but also enjoyed by the diner. 5. Plan dishes that do not entail too much preparation at one time. If possible, preparation can be started the day before the dish is served. 6. Consider palatable foods that are rich in essential nutrients. Consult the different food guides. 7. Make out a market list to avoid extra trips to the food stores. 8. Utilize leftovers and â€Å"convenience† foods when necessary. A GUIDE TO PLANNING NUTRITIOUS MEALS Meal planning is vital importance in the consideration of proper nutrition and family’s real enjoyment of food. Foods used in planning daily meals must be adequate from the nutritional standpoint. Knowledge of the food nutrients, their sources and functions will ensure the choice of nutritionally adequate meals. Moreover, the use of foods from the essential groupings suggested by the Foods nutrition research (FNRI) will facilitate the planning of a balanced diet. The Basic Food Groups, which consist of (a) energy foods; (b) body-building foods; and (c) regulating foods, are designed to include the most commonly used Filipino foods. Locally available foods are grouped according to their specific contributions to the diet. The recommended daily servings from food group for a normal adult are also indicated. THE FOOD PYRAMID The Food Pyramid is a diagram developed by nutrition experts all over the world to illustrate the balance of foods needed for a healthy lifestyle. It serves as a nutritional guideline in wisely choosing food to obtain the best balance of nutrients in the diet. The three major food groups are placed in the Food Pyramid, with indicators of healthy eating habits in terms of what foods one must eat. The food groups are classified as follows: 1. Eat least: foods, which are high in fat, sugar, salt, and alcohol. This food group is at the top of the pyramid. 2. Eat Moderately: foods with high protein content but which have high fat level (e. g. , pork, beef, chicken, milk, and eggs). This food group is in the middle of the pyramid. 3. Eat Most: foods, which are high in fiber and low in fat and sugar. A large proportion of these foods in the diet will help control weight and reduce fat levels in the blood. These are foods, which make up the base of the pyramid and should be the biggest part of the diet. The foods are to be chosen from three levels in the proportion shown, to make sure that there is a good balance of nutrients and variety in the diet. As used in meal planning, the Food Pyramid is a visual delight in the preparation of a nutritious and balanced diet. It facilitates the planning of some meals, which may require special diets for particular persons with health problems. More importantly, majority of normal diners is assured of a guide to healthful eating. SOURCES AND FUNCTIONS OF FOOD NUTRIENTS The basic nutrients that are essential in maintaining body functions and good health are (1) carbohydrates; (2) fats; (3) protein; (4) vitamins; (5) minerals; and (6) water. Carbohydrates – provide heat and energy to the body. More than half of our day’s requirement for energy comes from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates from rice, and other starchy foods such as corn, kamote, gabi, ubi, potato, and sugar also provide additional energy. However, they tend to occupy a large proportion of the day’s diet, leading to a disproportionate intake of food. Heavy intake of carbohydrates tend to limit the consumption of other foods which would supply more protein, mineral, and vitamins, thus resulting in deficiency disease. Fats – are concentrated sources of energy. They contain over twice the energy value of carbohydrates, weight for weight. Its inclusion in the diet enhances palatability and delays the onset of hunger. Fats also transport Vitamins A, D, E and K. good fat sources are egg yolk, meat, cheese, butter, and nuts. Twenty to twenty-five percent (20-25%) of our daily calorie requirement should come from fat. Proteins – build, repair, and maintain body tissues. They are important constituents of body cells. They form the hormones that regulate body processes and anti-bodies that fight infections. Proteins supply heat and energy when there is shortage of fats and carbohydrates in our meals. Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are twenty-two (22) such acids, eight (8) of which are considered essential because these cannot be manufactured by the body. These must come from food. Food proteins containing all eight (8) essential amino acids are called complete. Animals are good protein sources. These include meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, poultry, cheese, and milk. Also important, although incomplete, are proteins from plant sources such as those from cereal foods (bread, rice, flour, corn), nuts, beans, and peas. In a mixed diet, animal and plant proteins supplement one another. What one plant protein lacks in amino acid is made up the other to form a complete protein. We should get 10-13% of our daily calorie requirement from protein foods. Vitamins – are organic substances necessary for growth and maintenance of life. They must be provided in the diet. They are in small amounts in the body and act as catalysts or substances that hasten chemical reactions in body processes. They are carried in the blood stream to all parts of the body. As such, they control body chemistry and play important roles in normal growth, energy expenditure, reproduction, resistance to diseases, and general well-being. Many vitamins are destroyed during food processing and handling, thus making them unavailable. Enrichment is a measure which puts back lost nutrients in food. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are easily dissolved in fats and referred to as fat-soluble vitamins. Those that are dissolved in water, such as vitamins C and B-complex vitamins, are referred to as water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A – is essential for normal eye functioning, resistance to infection, normal growth, and healthy skin. Good food sources include whole milk, butter, most cheeses, fish liver oil, and green or yellow parts of vegetables and fruits such as malunggay or kalabasa, ripe papaya and carrots, in the form of carotene. Vitamin B complex – namely thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin, are water-soluble. They are rapidly lost by the body in urine, feces, and sweat. They must be provided in our meals every day. Thiamine prevents beri-beri, helps convert carbohydrates into energy, and maintains good digestion and assimilation of food. Niacin plays important role in cell respiration, carbohydrate oxidation, and good digestion. A deficiency leads to a disease known as pellagra. Riboflavin aids protein utilization and affects the normal growth especially of the hair and skin. Vitamin C – is essential for healthy teeth, gums, and blood vessels. It is important to in the formation of collagen, a protein that helps support the skin, bones, and tendons. Good food sources are green leafy vegetables, and fresh fruits, especially citrus fruits. Vitamin V has to be provided every day in our meals. Vitamin D – is necessary for strong bones and teeth, and is produced by the action of sunlight on the skin. It is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin. Good food sources are liver, fish liver oil, egg yolks, and fortified milk. Vitamin E – like A, D, and K, is fat-soluble. It helps in the formation of red blood cells, muscles, and tissues, and prevents the abnormal breakdown of body fat. Good food sources are whole grain cereals, whole wheat bread, wheat germ, and vegetable oils. Vitamin K – is necessary for blood clotting and is manufactured in the intestinal tract by microorganisms. Good food sources are green leafy vegetables. Minerals – Some 18 minerals are considered necessary for regulating and maintaining body processes. Some of the most important are calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper iodine, sodium and potassium. Calcium and Phosphorus – are essential for the formation of good bones and teeth. Good food sources are milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables, small fishes, and nuts. Iron – is responsible for the formation of red blood. It is the major component of hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen in the blood. Iron deficiency in the diet leads to anemia. Good food sources include enriched bread and flour, unpolished rice, eggs, green leafy vegetables, meat, especially the internal organs, and fish. Iodine – affects the function of the thyroid glands. Deficiency of this nutrient causes simple goiter. Chief sources are seafood, marine plants and iodized salts. Sodium – is present in common table salt. It is essential for the normal functioning of body fluids and tissues. Potassium – is needed for healthy nerves and muscles, and is found in meat, fish, vegetables, and fruits. Copper – We need a small amount of copper which a well-planned meal will provide adequately. This nutrient is essential in iron utilization. Water – is an essential part of the body tissues and comprises 2/3 of the body weight. It is not considered as food, yet no one can live more than a few days without it. It is a lost in sweating and normal body excretions, through the intestinal tract and kidneys, and should be replenished every day. A loss of 10% fluid from the body is a serious menace to health. As a rule, 6-7 glasses of water or juices and other drinks are needed to maintain water balance in the body Without water, food cannot be digested, absorbed or carried properly to the different parts of the body as needed. No single cell can do its work properly without water. It is also a medium whereby the waste products are carried away to be excreted. Because it is a carrier of waste products, it is important in the prevention of constipation. Fiber or Cellulose – is the indigestible part of foods. It is not a nutrient but it provides roughage to stimulate the intestinal muscles for proper evacuation. Moreover, it promotes the growth of useful bacteria in the intestines. Good food sources are fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain breads and cereals. Lack of roughage in the diet causes constipation. FOOD GROUP: SOURCES AND FUNCTIONS (Adapted from FNRI Nutritional Guideline 2000) Food Groups Sources Functions/Uses Rice and Alternative Rice, Corn, Bread Other Bakery Products Cereals such as Oat meal Root Crops such as Potatoes, Yam, Sweet Potatoes, Cassava, Taro Supply the major bulk of Carbohydrates and Energy in the diet Provide Dietary fiber as well as some Protein, Vitamins and Minerals Meat and Alternatives Meat (including Organ Meats) Poultry, Eggs, Fish Seafood, Milk and Milk Products Dried Beans like Mongo, Soy beans, Nuts (Peanuts) Excellence sources of high-quality Protein required for growth and repair of body tissues Sources of absorbable Iron, B-Complex Vitamins and Minerals Rich in Calcium and Vitamin A Vegetables Green leafy vegetables such as Malunggay, Saluyot, Kangkong, KamoteTops, Gabi and Kalabasa Leaves Yellow Vegetables such as Carrots, Squash, Fruits and Flowers, Eggplant, Patola, Spring Beans Contribute Vitamins and Minerals Excellent sources of Beta-Carotene and Vitamin C Give bulk and roughage to the diet Fruits Fresh fruits Dried fruits Fruit juices Guave, Papaya, Mango, Oranges, Sineguelas (Vit. C- rich fruits) Banana, Pineapple, Melon Excellent sources of Beta-Carotene and Vitamin C Sources of Vitamins and Minerals Give bulk and roughage to the diet Fats and Oil Cooking oil, Butter, Margarine and Other Fats Concentrated sources of energy Increases energy intake Helps in the utilization of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K Sources of Essential Fatty acids, Linoliec and Linolenic acids Improves the flavor of meals Sugar Naturally found in fruits and milk Inhibit growth of food-spoilage bacteria Act as preservatives Contribute to energy intake, sweetness and attractiveness to diet Water and Beverages Fruit juices Fruit-flavored drinks Coffee Tea Soft-drinks Regulate temperature Transport Electrolytes and other nutrients Excrete waste products from lungs, skin and kidney Lubricate joints and cushion the Nervous System

Human Behavior during Evacuations

Introduction Human beings will react differently whenever exposed to various disasters or fire outbreaks. Engineers and firefighters have conducted numerous studies in order to understand the issues associated with human behavior during evacuation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human Behavior during Evacuations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different evacuation models â€Å"are critical because they determine the time take to safeguard the lives of many civilians after a disaster† (Kuligowski, 2009, p. 3). Many scholars and theorists have analyzed the major issues associated with different human behaviors. This situation explains why many engineers have not incorporated different human behaviors into their evacuation models. According to Simonovic (2011, p. 16), â€Å"every action performed by individuals in a dangerous situation results from a unique decision-making process†. This dec ision-making process has encouraged many scholars to predict different human behaviors during evacuations. This essay analyzes the current literature on human behaviors during evacuations. Theory of Human Behavior during Disasters Occupants in different buildings or structures will react in a specific manner after encountering a disaster. Human beings perceive specific cues before performing certain actions. The next stage is interpreting the nature of the targeted risk or situation. This interpretation usually depends on the cues perceived by every individual in the first stage. The individuals will â€Å"eventually make specific decisions in order to deal with the disaster† (Kuligowski, 2009, p. 3). This discussion explains why human beings follow a unique process whenever making their decisions. However, some external and internal factors determine what individuals perceive or interpret whenever there is a disaster.  According to Fahy and Proulx (2011, p. 718), â€Å"th e phases of disaster response will vary significantly depending on the targeted individuals, the nature of structure, and the aspects of the situation†.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the occupants in a building can perceive different cues depending on the targeted disaster. Individuals can see smoke, debris, or receive phone calls from their friends. The individuals in the targeted structure or building will gather different thoughts within the shortest time possible. The second phase of the Disaster Response Model (DRM) occurs when the individuals interpret the perceived information (Kuligowski, 2009). The individuals might also decide to ignore the above signs. They â€Å"might also decide to ignore the threat if it is not serious† (Fahy Proulx, 2011, p. 718). The third phase will ensure the individuals make appropriate decisions depending on t heir interpretations. The fourth phase will produce a specific behavioral process. This phase will ensure the occupants in the targeted building or structure perform specific actions. The above phases will produce a unique behavioral process whenever there is an evacuation effort. A new behavioral response can also emerge if the individuals get different ideas and information about the disaster. That being the case, human beings will act in a unique manner after identifying the existing danger. The behavior of â€Å"the occupants will depend on the manner in which they perceive the initial information† (Simonovic, 2011, p. 64). The people will â€Å"also interpret the nature of the risk and make the appropriate decisions in order to deal with it† (Simonovic, 2011, p. 104). Human Behaviors during Evacuation The above discussion examines how human beings make specific decisions after identifying a new disaster. Human beings will also behave in a unique manner during ever y pre-evacuation, evacuation, and post-evacuation process. The first human behavior that emerges after a disaster is panic. This form of panic can be an extreme behavior that disorients the goals of the affected individuals. Some studies have examined â€Å"how different individuals will experience a tormenting state of mind after witnessing a dangerous event such as a terrorist attack† (Fahy Proulx, 2011, p. 719).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human Behavior during Evacuations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More studies are needed in order to understand how human beings behave after interpreting the presented cues.  The use of mobile phones and telephones has become a common human behavior whenever there is a disaster. For instance, a number of studies have been conducted on different human behaviors after September 11. Many studies have identified how different evacuees communicated with their friends and relatives about the event. According to these studies, several phone calls were made to different friends, colleagues, parents, and children. According to Fahy and Proulx (2011, p. 719), â€Å"15 percent of the telephone calls were made to different emergency departments and services†. Most of the phone calls were executed during the pre-evacuation phase. This behavior is common because many individuals will always inform their relatives after a disaster occurs.  Many individuals tend to communicate with others in order to get the best support. However, many experts have identified the dangers associated with the practice (Okaya, Takahashi, Southern, 2013). For instance, the practice can affect the effectiveness of every evacuation process. Many occupants use telephones without understanding the magnitude of the targeted event or disaster. This unique human behavior also occurs whenever there is a disaster. Some individuals â€Å"might form new imaginat ions and thoughts after experiencing the event† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 37).  Some behaviors are also recorded during the evacuation phase. The most notorious behavior â€Å"during the evacuation process is the formation of different groups† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 45). This human practice â€Å"is called Group Behavior† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 45). According to Simonovic (2011, p. 89), â€Å"over 80 percent of victims of a disaster will come together in order to form a group†. Many individuals form such groups without their knowledge. This behavior will â€Å"depend on several factors such as the number of victims, the nature of the building, and the nature of the disaster† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 46). The agreeable fact is that many individuals will form different groups in an attempt to get the required support.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another common behavior â€Å"observed in different emergency situations is the obstruction of human flow† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 56). The non-injured individuals in a specific building will locate different exits. Many individuals â€Å"might decide to use one pathway thus affecting the evacuation process† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 46). Some engineers might also block different exits thus affecting the evacuation process. The problem of obstruction has affected the effectiveness of many Disaster Response Programs (DRPs). Some individuals move in the same direction without examining the existing dangers. Human behaviors and responses to various disasters will depend on different factors. For instance, some individuals â€Å"will scramble for resources and support systems during the evacuation process† (Okaya et al., 2013, p. 5). This observation is common during every evacuation process. The four phases of â€Å"the decision-making process will also determine the manner in which the targeted persons react to the disaster† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 46). Screaming is also common whenever the disaster is unbearable. Such behaviors can make it impossible for many rescuers and evacuators to achieve their objectives. Sometimes the evacuees might fail to cooperate and even interfere with the rescue mission.  Some people might decide to locate different exits, fire extinguishers, and alarms. Such equipments are relevant because they improve the level of communication in a building. This approach makes it easier for more individuals to understand the facts of the disaster. This discussion explains why different behaviors are exhibited whenever there is a fire outbreak or disaster. It cannot be possible to predict the behaviors exhibited by different individuals after a disaster. Researchers should undertake â€Å"new studies in order to understand the major issues associated with various disasters† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 74). This understanding will produce new concepts in order to deal with different events such as terrorist attacks, fire outbreaks, and floods. Using Human Behaviors to Design Effective Evacuation Models Many evacuation models focus on the best practices, resources, and approaches that can safeguard the lives of more people within the shortest time possible. This knowledge has encouraged many engineers to identify better ideas and strategies that can make every evacuation model successful. The main focus of every â€Å"evacuation model is to reduce the time taken to evacuate every individual to a safer place† (Fahy Proulx, 2011, p. 719). Some engineers have examined the effectiveness of different theories in order to produce the best evacuation processes. However, such models have failed to predict the behaviors of different individuals involved in the process. As discussed earlier, every occupant in the targeted building will act differently depending on the nature of the event. For instance, the occupants can engage in different activities in order to help others. The individuals might also make phone calls in an attempt to collect and share different information. The targeted persons might also be ready to deal with the disaster. For example, the occupants might decide to deal with the targeted event. According to Okaya et al. (2013, p. 5), â€Å"these practices might make it impossible for the rescuers to achieve the best goals†. Many engineers tend to ignore the behaviors of the targeted occupants. The behaviors and actions of different people can affect the evacuation process. The actions of these people will also delay their safety and also make the evacuation process less effective. This gap explains why â€Å"engineers and scholars should generate a comprehensive and robust theory on these behaviors† (Kuligowski, 2009, p. 95). The presented theory will ensure every evacuation strategy achieves the best results (Okaya et al., 2013). The important thing is to identify the best responses to these gaps. The knowledge of the above human behaviors will also encourage engineers and architects to design new buildings that can improve every evacuation process. Many evacuation designs and models have failed to produce the best results because of the above gap. Human beings will react differently depending on the disaster. Engineers should undertake new studies in order to produce better frameworks for rescuing more people. The social cues dictating the responses and decisions made by different people â€Å"can make it easier for designers to produce better structures† (Kuligowski, 2009, p. 93). This â€Å"knowledge will make it easier for engineers to have fire extinguishers and alarm alert systems in place† (Gagnon, 2008, p. 63). Some new factors and tools have emerged in order to promote the best Occupant Escape Behavior (OEB). Such tools include â€Å"alarm systems, building designs, occupancy types, and Fire Safety Management† ( Okaya et al., 2013, p. 6). These tools can make it easier for different institutions to develop the best evacuation strategies. This knowledge can be applied in different areas such as Fire Fighting Practice (FFP) and Disaster Management (DM). Engineers can use the same ideas to quantify various human behaviors especially after an emergency. This approach will make it easier for engineers to produce better transport systems and buildings that can support every evacuation model. Many studies have identified the factors contributing to various human behaviors during an evacuation process. The existence of various gaps and weaknesses explain why fire fighters should consider the implications of different human behaviors. The approach will address the needs of many occupants in different structures. Gagnon (2008, p. 72) â€Å"encourages scholars to develop new conceptual models of human behaviors whenever there terrorist attacks, typhoons, and building fires†. This practice will produce the best strategies in order to safeguard the lives of many people. Conclusion Different human behaviors during an evacuation process results from several decision-making phases. The behavioral process begins when â€Å"the occupants acquire some information about the surrounding environment† (Okaya et al., 2013, p. 6). Every human behavior will determine the effectiveness of the targeted evacuation process. Many individuals will make phone calls in order to inform their relatives about the disaster. According to Kuligowski (2009, p. 93), â€Å"other individuals will form new groups in order to overcome the challenges associated with the disaster†. These behaviors can â€Å"offer evidence-based concepts that can support different fields such as Fire Management (FM), disaster response, engineering, and architecture† (Kuligowski, 2009, p. 14). Engineers and architects can study the behaviors of human beings during every evacuation process. This practice wi ll produce better structures that can safeguard the lives of many citizens. Reference List Fahy, R., Proulx, G. (2011). Human Behavior in the World Trade Center Evacuation. Fire Safety Science, 1(1), 713-724. Gagnon, R. (2008). Design of Special Hazard and Fire Alarm Systems. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Kuligowski, E. (2009). The Process of Human Behaviors in Fires. Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/publications/process-human-behavior-fires Okaya, M, Takahashi, T, Southern, M. (2013). Effect of Guidance on Evacuation Behavior Simulations Using Agent Communication. Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-agent Interaction Networks, 1(1), 1-7. Simonovic, S. (2011). Systems Approach to Management of Disasters: Methods and Applications. New York, NY: Wiley. This research paper on Human Behavior during Evacuations was written and submitted by user Benson L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Gender Differences in Communications

don’t work as they expected, or even spark resentment and anger. Both women and men could benefit from learning each other’s styles. Many women could learn from men to accept some conflict and differences without seeing it as a threat to intimacy, and many men could learn from women to accept interdependence without seeing it as a threat to their freedom. This paper will evaluate the differences between genders in communication. Part of the study consists in showing that those differences are due to the differences between men and women of course, but that they are also very dependent on the environment into which the conversation takes place. Many cross-gender communication studies only examine verbal communication between a man and a woman, disregarding the environment and therefore fail to completely isolate the interlocutors. An interlocutor is one who takes part in a conversation. The first part of the paper will examine why there is a need to understand gender communication, and the relation between different world-views and gender communication. The second part of the paper will ... Free Essays on Gender Differences in Communications Free Essays on Gender Differences in Communications Gender Differences in Communications Gender communication is communication about and between men and women (Ivy and Backlund, 1994). Recognizing gender differences in communication enables both sexes to communicate better with each other. According to Deborah Tannen, (1992, p 17), many women and men feel dissatisfied with their close relationships and become even more frustrated when they try to talk things out. There are gender differences in ways of speaking, and a need to identify and understand them. Without such understanding, we are doomed to blame others or ourselves-or the relationship- for the otherwise mystifying and damaging effects of our contrasting conversational styles. Pretending that women and men are the same hurts women, because the ways they are treated are based on the norms for men, and are nonplussed when their words don’t work as they expected, or even spark resentment and anger. Both women and men could benefit from learning each other’s styles. Many women could learn from men to accept some conflict and differences without seeing it as a threat to intimacy, and many men could learn from women to accept interdependence without seeing it as a threat to their freedom. This paper will evaluate the differences between genders in communication. Part of the study consists in showing that those differences are due to the differences between men and women of course, but that they are also very dependent on the environment into which the conversation takes place. Many cross-gender communication studies only examine verbal communication between a man and a woman, disregarding the environment and therefore fail to completely isolate the interlocutors. An interlocutor is one who takes part in a conversation. The first part of the paper will examine why there is a need to understand gender communication, and the relation between different world-views and gender communication. The second part of the paper will ...

David Oliver's Cancer Vlogs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

David Oliver's Cancer Vlogs - Assignment Example s documentation of all disease factors that affect the well-being of an individual as well as helping the learners in pointing out emerging health problems that affects the quality of life such as depression, cancer and sexual dysfunction (P. 261). For this reason, new challenges to personal responses of the management of chronic illness such as denial and anxiety were correctly and broadly understood through class discussions and brain-storming. Demonstratively, it was brought to an understanding that, for the first diagnosis individuals with chronic illness develop a physical, psychological and social disequilibrium. Similarly, it was brought to an understanding that different individual’s response differently when exposed to different life conditions (P. 262). For instance, the denial concept as a defensive mechanism for the individuals affected with chronic diseases forces them to response slowly to chronic illness management strategies as well achieving a quality life standard. Nevertheless, I was able to develop a sense of understanding from being a dependent individual to self-dependant individual allowing me to carry out self-management initiatives against different chronic conditions (P. 262). However, I was able to reverse my imaginations from being narrowed to the causes, effects and the impacts of chronic diseases to developing a suitable knowledge that help in adjusting to my new lifestyle. In addition, I was able to understand that, anxiety and denial are among the essential symptoms evidenced in chronically affected individual who lack suitable chronic illness management strategies

Taiwan-China Conflict and Resolution Research Paper

Taiwan-China Conflict and Resolution - Research Paper Example China was fragment after the fall of Qing dynasty and civil war followed (Myers 1) in 1915. In this condition, the political party that gave birth to Taiwan, the  Guomindang  or GMD was formed and so was the ruling party in China, the Chinese Communist Party  (CCP). These two political parties however begun as allies in Southeast China in their effort to crush the warlords in 1923 that caused the civil war in China. The alliance however was short lived because it collapsed within four years and the two political parties became bitter enemies that precipitated another civil war. GMD’s generals pledge loyalty to its new leader Chiang  Kai ­shek and formed a new Republic of China in Nanjing and later formed a new ROC government in Nanjing in 1927 (Myers 1). Chiang  Kai ­shek had the upper hand over the CCP in 1937 as Chiang  Kai ­shek army drove the Communists into the Northwest region of China. Japan however attacked China in July 1937 to make Chiang  Kai ­ shek ROC a client state of Japan. The attack was thwarted because Taiwan and China again forged an alliance to defeat Japan. This alliance lasted for eight years until Japan was defeated in August 15, 1945. During this time, Chiang  Kai ­shek also allied with the United States which lasted until 1949. China on the other is building up its forces beginning in the Autumn of 1945 when it begun amassing weapons from the Russians in Manchuria. It also initiated land reform in the countryside as a precursor to Maoist strategy of encircling cities by cutting them off from the countryside. The strategy coupled with superior weapons proved to be effective in defeating Chiang  Kai ­shek’s forces and advanced further towards Northern China until finally, CPP soldiers captured Beijing on January 31, 1949. Months later, Mao declared the founding of the new  Chinese  state in October 1, 1949 which is the  People's Republic  of  China (13). Chiang Kai-shek on the other han d retreated to Formosa which is now Taiwan to seek refuge from Mao’s advancing armies (Ford 36) which it still continue to occupy until this day. II. Description of the various conflict management techniques used, the third parties that were active in attempts to resolve the conflict, and the outcomes of these conflict management efforts. Efforts however were made to reconcile Taiwan and China after Mao’s declaration of People's Republic  of  China or PROC as we know it today. On April 27, 1993, China and Taiwan begun negotiating the various Interpretations of Taiwan’s relationship  to  China,  or  the  "one ­China" principle† (Myers 1). The negotiation however was conducted and represented by third party private agencies. Taiwan was represented by Straits Exchange Foundation or SEF while China was represented Association for Relations across the  Taiwan  Strait,  or  ARATS. The negotiation however was short lived and collapse when President Lee Teng ­hui visited the US for a public address at Cornell University (Myers 1). The technique used in the attempt to resolve the conflict was negotiation by third parties composed of private NGOs. The negotiation however did not prosper because no confidence building measure was initiated by both parties. The negotiation finally collapsed when Taiwan’s President Lee Teng ­hui antagonized the Chinese by a visit to the Communist ideological nemesis, the US.

DERIVATIVES MARKETS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DERIVATIVES MARKETS - Assignment Example Since the securities are listed and traded in the stock exchange, the secondary market is also called the stock market. In primary market, companies interact with investors directly while in the secondary market investors interact with themselves. In both cases, the capital market intermediaries play an important role .The secondary market, based on all available information, determines the price and risk of the issued securities, it provides useful signals to both listed companies and investors to act in the primary markets. The secondary market may also include the over the counter market and the derivatives market. In the stock market share prices are determined by the demand and supply forces. On the other hand, in the over the counter market prices are negotiated between the buyer and the seller. The derivatives market deals in futures and options. In the derivatives markets, securities or portfolios of securities are traded for future delivery. In case of options, the future de livery is conditional as the buyer has a right to exercise or not to exercise the option. The derivatives market and my proposed derivative product The emergence of new markets for derivatives such as forwards and futures can be traced back to the willingness of risk adverse economic agents to protect themselves against uncertainties occurring from price fluctuations in various asset categories. Naturally, financial markets are very volatile. Through derivative products, however, it is possible to fully or partially transfer price risks by locking in prices of assets. By doing so derivative products reduce the impact of fluctuations in prices of assets on the cash flow and profitability situation of risk averse investors (Morrison and Winston 34). The derivative instruments are in use by all business sections, for instance, corporates, SMEs, financial institutions, banks and retail investors. My motivation for this derivative is the ability to trade while conserving the environment through the hampering of the big problem of global warming which is getting worse as firms continue to produce. The trading is also focused on trading carbon credits with the aim of controlling or reducing pollutants produced from business activities of firms. Therefore, the central driver of carbon emissions trading would be the impact on the climate and the degradation of the environment as a result of emissions of various gases. The immaturity of this market of derivatives also gives hope that there is a growth potential for this business. Currently there are smaller numbers of firms that offer such certificates. An appropriate pricing model for derivatives on the carbon emission certificates is certainly the first step in coming up with the derivative there is need to investigate the price dynamics. Product Design and Specifications The proposed derivative is a futures contract. Via the American Climate Exchange (ACX) carbon derivatives will be based upon 3 types of carbon relat ed units. The following table gives an overview of my product in terms of price, quantity, unit of underlying asset, maturity date, delivery policy, margin requirement and daily settlement and transaction costs. Type Carbon Emission Derivation: futures contract Trading Units 1000 carbon dioxide EUA allowances, with each allowance allowing 1 tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent gas Minimum trading 1 lot Strike Price Intervals Quotation US dollar per metric tonne Minimum Tick $ 0.01 per tonne Minimum price flux $0.01

Death Penalty For Drug Trafficking

Death Penalty For Drug Trafficking I have chosen to focus on the death penalty for drug trafficking for the following reasons: Some governments will sentence those who are convicted for just the possession of drugs to the death penalty, while other countries are more lenient and do not do so. From this study, I want to know if the enforcement of the death penalty may affect drug trafficking through its deterrence effect. I also want to find out more on the present situation of drug trafficking and thus predict what may happen in the future, with regard to the application and the law on drug offences. Death Penalty for Drug Trafficking: Is it really necessary? Introduction Drug abuse produces long term consequences and problems in societies. Drug trafficking is a serious offence and drug traffickers should be punished. However, should the death penalty be imposed on drug traffickers? Do they deserve the death penalty? Some countries believe implementing the death penalty for drug trafficking has a deterrent effect and would control the drug problem. However, is this really the case? Which countries enforce the death penalty for drug trafficking? There are currently twenty-one countries which state in their laws that those whom are caught trafficking drugs and committing other drug offenses will face the death penalty. From Annex I, it shows that mainly countries in Asia, 18 out of 21, enforce the death penalty for drug trafficking. How does Singapores and Mexicos laws view drug trafficking? Singapore and Mexico were chosen because I want to see the contrast between the laws of a very strict country and one that has a drug war going on and producing a large amount of drugs. Singapore has strict, even draconian laws regarding the misuse of drugs and drug trafficking. This is shown in Singapores laws, under the Misuse of Drugs Act, which state that the trafficking of a certain amount of drugs will result in the person receiving a mandatory death penalty such as 250 grams of amphetamines and 1,200 grams of opium containing 30 grams of morphine. In addition, any person possessing over a certain amount of drugs, such as 15 grams of heroin, 500 grams of cannabis and 30 grams of cocaine  [1]  will be presumed drug trafficking unless proven otherwise and convicted of the death sentence.  [2]   On the other hand, Mexico, a major drug-producing and transit country, has laws which are much more lax than Singapore. Recently, a new law was passed in Mexico that decriminalized the simple possession  [3]  of drugs. Under this law it is stated that if person is found to possess an amount of drugs under the allowable quantity, they will just be told what are the possible drug rehabilitation options in their area.  [4]  The allowable amounts are 5 grams of marijuana and 50 milligrams of heroin, which both contain multiple doses, and 0.5 grams of cocaine. Even if a person is found to be in possession of up to 1,000 times the allowable amounts, he would only be sentenced to 10 months 3 years in prison.  [5]   What are the main arguments for and against the usage of the death penalty? This leads us to the issue of whether using the death penalty is justified for drug trafficking. There are quite a number of factors for people to support the death penalty. First, by killing the criminal, there is one less criminal in society to do harm, thus offering safety and protection. Secondly, it is a deterrent, as people may not want to take the risk to commit a serious crime if the punishment is death. Supporters say that death penalty has been made as humane as possible and can be carried out professionally.  [6]  The death penalty also helps justify the victims death.  [7]   However, there are also many factors to oppose using the death penalty for drug trafficking. Some religious groups say that life is sacred and killing should not be allowed in any circumstances and death penalty is not pro-life. Also, the imposition of the death penalty is a cruel and unusual punishment  [8]  . Opponents also believe that studies of death penalty for deterrence are highly exaggerated and arguments in those studies are flawed. In addition, death penalty is always cruel and can never be humane.  [9]  In the context of Singapore, opponents of death penalty feel that the usage of the death penalty may result in a higher chance of an innocent person being executed  [10]  as Singapore employs a guilty until proven innocent law.  [11]   After considering the arguments from both sides, I am against imposing the death penalty. This is mainly due to the fact that there is no confirmed deterrent effect resulting from imposing the death penalty. Though some studies advocate that enforcement of death penalty can deter people from committing crimes  [12]  , other studies indicated that there is insufficient evidence to prove that death penalty actually has a deterrent effect  [13]  . There is really no proof that a person would not commit a crime due to fear of execution. In addition, death penalty is irreversible, so any miscarriages of justice may result in grave consequences as the dead cannot be brought back to life. Does the death penalty for drug trafficking have a deterrent effect on criminals? There is little information regarding whether the death penalty for drug trafficking has an actual deterrent effect on criminals in Singapore. However, I have created a line graph showing a comparison of the number of drug related executions and the total number of drug abusers arrested in Singapore. Fig. 1 Number of drug-related executions  [14]  in relation to the total number of drug abusers arrested in Singapore in hundreds  [15]   From Fig. 1 above, it is shown that there is no correlation between the number of drug-related executions and the total number of drug abusers arrested in Singapore. There have been some instances where there has been some correlation though, from the year 1994 to 1997 both the numbers of drug-related executions and drug abusers dropped, albeit at different rates. Also, from 2000 to 2001, both numbers rose. However, this does not prove that there is a deterrent effect for the death penalty as the number of drug abusers should increase when the number of drug related executions drop. There are probably other factors affecting the number of drug abusers and drug-related executions such as the effectiveness of the criminal justice system, demographic changes and economic conditions. With a more effective criminal justice system, there could be more executions regardless of whether there is an increase or decrease in the number of drug abusers. Changing demographics could lead to more drug abusers if the change involved an increase in younger population between the ages of 13 to below 30. This however, may not necessarily lead to more executions though one would think that more drug abusers could lead to an increase in drug trafficking. There is just no simple correlation among these factors. When economic conditions are bad, the number of drug abusers may increase as people abuse drugs to relieve their unhappiness.  [16]  However, there may be less executions, since costs required for executing a person is quite high, over USD$1 million as a doctor is needed to be employed to certify the criminals death  [17]  . Is the death penalty really necessary? What would happen if all countries currently practising the death penalty abolish it in the next 20 years? With increasing pressure from Amnesty International and an ever increasing opposition to the death penalty, governments of countries would be under increasing pressure to abolish death penalty due to drug trafficking. In my opinion, the abolishment of death penalty may not lead to a surge of drug trafficking as drug trafficking is affected more by the demand for drugs than the fear of the death penalty. Also, there are other alternatives such as life imprisonment without parole. Also, what would happen to the society if the death penalty was abolished? As mentioned above, the abolition of the death penalty can occur due to pressure from Amnesty International and other organisations. I believe that society in general would not be much affected as there has not been any proof that death penalty acts as a deterrent. Hence, drug trafficking would not be greatly increased. Pro-life members of the society would welcome the abolishment while the supporters of death penalty would put pressure on the government to step up law enforcement to prevent increased drug trade and use. From the previous two scenarios, I conclude that imposing the death penalty for drug trafficking is not necessary because drug trafficking will not increase when the death penalty is abolished as there is no deterrent effect and it may help with tightening law enforcement on drug trafficking and abuse. Word Count: 1475

Racial Tensions in South Africa Essay -- Racial Relations, Racism

History of South Africa South Africa has large varieties ethnic backgrounds; unfortunately for them none of them are allowed their chance to shine because of the cloud of racism that has over shadowed their history. Like the United States, South African countries are built for the success of whites before any other ethnicity. This can be found in the countries politics and economics alike. For over 300 years this racism has occurred. Around the 1940’s South Africans have coined a policy for this racism, â€Å"apartheid†. In English apartheid can be translated to â€Å"Apart-hood†. (2) This will be touched about in more detail later. Like the United States, South Africa has had to deal with centuries of racism, the problem being that South Africans racism doesn’t seem to be depleting as fast as other countries in the same situation. The first sign of â€Å"civilization† to take place in South Africa began in the mid 1600’s when the Dutch East India Company formed a cape colony. (3) It wasn’t long before the colonists were in need of workers to help farm their rapidly expanding settlement. So like many countries of their time, they went with the route of slavery. Naturally the best candidates for this position were natives to South Africa. Slaves weren’t a necessity, but they were very convenient for the newly settled Dutch (2). The Dutch continued to govern South Africa until the English took over in the 18th century. Fast-forward to the 20th century where racism is just as relevant as ever, and in 1910 new laws have been passed regarding segregation. These laws in 1910 â€Å"expanded racial segregation† (2). A big part of the new law was that whites were now able to seize land owned by black farmers. Also around this time the gov... ...dignity’ required adhering to a code of social and gender behavior appropriate to a ruling race. There was a moral base for antagonism towards blacks: 'It is Nature's deep-seated provision for racial integrity. It is the voice of evolutionary experience speaking within US Similarly, John L. Weston of Brandfort, wrote approvingly of vigilante justice in the US South. He wrote of white Southerners he had known who were highly intelligent, respectable, sympathetic and reasonable, yet who became demented when a "Black Peril" (Plaatje, 1982) case occurred within their reach. This, he argued, was a healthy and virtuous reaction; it is the very capacity of the white man's mind for good that causes this uncontrollable indignation'. He predicted that lynch law will sooner or later be introduced here as it has been in the USA unless heroic steps are taken without much delay.

Checks and Balances Essay

This essay will discuss the Constitutional principle of Checks and Balances. It will explain the concept and effectiveness of the separation of power. As an example, the case of Brown v. The Board of Education will be used to explain the concept and effectiveness of the separation of power. Brown v. The Board of Education is a famous case that ended segregation in schools in 1954 during the Civil Rights Movement. First, lets start with what the definition of Checks and Balances is as it pertains to the Constitution. The definition according to Merriam-Webster is: â€Å"a system that allows each branch of a government to amend or veto acts of another branch so as to prevent any one branch from exerting too much power. †. The legislative power is vested in the Congress, the executive power rests with the President and the judicial power is granted to the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Each branch of government has separate and particular powers as listed in the Constitution, each branch is also given the power, duty and ability to control and balance the other(s) in a system of checks and balances. The Constitution grants all legislative power to the Congress. The Congress is bicameral and a bill has to pass both houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. In this way the houses check and balance each other. Both the executive and the judicial branch check and balance the Congress’ legislative power. Although only the Congress can make laws, the President has the power to veto bills, in which case the bill can only pass with a 2/3 majority in both houses. Finally, if the Congress and the President agree on a law, the Supreme Court has the power of interpreting the laws and a power of review, i. . the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional and therefore void. As chief administrator the President is required to see that laws are carried out, to enforce existing politics and to managing the bureaucracy. The president nominates the heads of the executive branch’s departments, but these appointments are subject to the Congress’ approval. The constitution makes the president and Congress share powers in matters such as foreign policy and the US armed forces. In the case of Brown v.  The Board of Education, the legal defense of Oliver L. Brown stated, â€Å"the discriminatory nature of racial segregation †¦ â€Å"violates the 14th amendment to the U. S. Constitution, which guarantees all citizens equal protection of the laws,†. Because of this Brown v. The Board of Education laid the foundation for shaping future national and international policies regarding human rights. At the time, the state of Kansas had segregated schools, meaning that black and white children could not go to school at the same place. At the end of the case, Brown and his legal defense had argued that it was not fair to the children because they may or may not get the best education if they were segregated. The United States Supreme Court ruled that no state should segregate any child in public schools. White and Black children would go to school together and be offered the same rights. Anything less would be unconstitutional. This is a perfect example of how the state legislature was overturned by the Supreme Court and they were able to keep a check and balance on each other. The state of Kansas did not have a law stating that the schools must be segregated, but they also did not have a law saying that they couldn’t be segregated. The Browns first took their case to the state in 1951. After the case was dismissed, Brown and four other lawsuits made an appeal to the United States Supreme Court were the state ruling was overruled. The Supreme Court had checked and agreed that it was a violation of the Constitution to segregate schools. To this day, a public school can not discriminate against any child, black or white, male or female, smart or special ed. The decision made by the Supreme Court was a unanimous ruling that was issued on May 17, 1954. At that time Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that â€Å"segregated schools are not equal and cannot be made equal, and hence they are deprived of the equal protection of the laws. † He continued, â€Å"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. †. Thank goodness for checks and balances, without them, the country would be a much different place to live.

Gender and Culture Essay Example

Gender and Culture Essay Example Gender and Culture Essay Gender and Culture Essay Gender and Culture Name: Institution: Gender and Culture : My family legacy and position regarding gender, according to the transitional gender positions continuum, is gender-aware. I had working class parents. My mother worked full time as an insurance broker and a minister, and my father was a police officer. I interacted with my father often and he would take me to school and pick me up. The jobs that my parents had contributed to them being aware of each other’s roles and helping each other. Unlike in a traditional family, I spent more time with my father because his job allowed him more time, than I did with my mother, who seemed to be busy most of the time. Gender aware seeks to strengthen the experiences of imbalances of gender. Feminism has led to increased awareness of gender differences and the need for equality of the genders (Knudson-Martin, 2002). Some seemingly trivial issues such as who opens and controls conversations and who makes decisions such as deciding on the next session of therapy, offer clues on a coupleâ€⠄¢s gender awareness. People’s upbringing determines their gender awareness or lack thereof. The way that the parents behave towards each other will determine the type of views that the children will have concerning gender roles. Both genders benefit more from egalitarian relationships. However, adhering to traditional gender roles has negative consequences for the man and woman in a relationship. The people involved in such a relationship tend to form their relationship based on their power differentials (Hecker Wetchler, 2003). A man who expects his wife to stay at home and raise the children will influence his children’s thoughts into believing that women are expected to maintain such traditional roles. On the other hand, egalitarian families will influence their children into having an open mind concerning the role of each person in the family. The male children will adopt a mentality that it is okay for them to participate in chores, and the female children will learn that it is okay t o have dreams and ambitions regarding their professional lives. My family background has made me examine some issues relating to a couple’s relationship problems more closely. I seek to understand a couple better when I realize that there is a clear gender imbalance in the relationship. Before engaging in family therapy, I had taken negotiations between couples for granted. I assumed that couples used to consult each other on matters relating to their families. However, learning more about gender awareness has changed my perspective on relationships. With this knowledge, I realize that equality among the genders is paramount to some partners, while others do not even consider it. Those who consider equality to be a minor thing are less likely to consult their partners on pertinent issues or to negotiate with them on anything (Hecker Wetchler, 2003). Understanding the fact that every person lives in a number of subcultures and making an effort to understand these subsystems is an essential step in dealing with multiculturalism. The difficulty of multiculturalism lies in the fact that there are many minority cultures and it is not possible to identify and fulfill all the needs of these cultures. People from different minority cultures face certain levels of discrimination. Family therapists can be prone to this when they apply the culture of the majority to people who do not belong to the majority cultures. Another personal difficulty is learning how to control my bias and assumptions towards other cultures since this often leads to the application of stereotypical values. It is easy for a person to believe that she understands what other people are like because she has an idea about people in that culture. These problems can be overcome by applying critical counseling skills, which involve carefully listening, and understanding people, and treating each case individually. The counselor should at the same time apply professional knowledge and not just depend on the information received from the family members. I will be able to address the meta-framework of multiculturalism once I have synthesized all the information I need, and once I involve the family as active collaborators and not just participants (Yarhouse Sells, 2008). Collaboration involves working with the clients and alongside them so that the therapist can understand them better. The therapists realize and understand the importance of the clients’ knowledge (Gehart, 2009). References Gehart, D. (2009). Mastering competencies in family therapy: A practical approach to theories and clinical case documentation. New York, NY: Cengage Learning Hecker, L. L., Wetchler, L. J. (2003). An introduction to marriage and family therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Haworth Clinical Practice Press Knudson-Martin, C. (2002). Feminism in MFT: Where has it led us? Family Therapy Magazine Yarhouse, A. M., Sells, N. J. (2008). Family therapies: A comprehensive Christian appraisal. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press

RIGOBERTA MENCHU essays

RIGOBERTA MENCHU essays In recent years, a new voice has been added to the world stage. It is the voice of Latin American women. Long oppressed both by their culture and their governments, these voices have risen in protest against the inequalities and injustices that have plagued their lives. The most notable example of this new genre to emerge thus far was published in 1992 and subsequently won the Nobel Peace prize for its author, Rigoberta Menchu, a Guatemalan Indian activist. Menchu's account of life in Guatemala is a tale of horror and savagery perpetrated on all those who would dare to try to improve the lives of Guatemala's downtrodden. For the "crimes" of teaching people how to read, organizing labor, or even protesting despicable conditions, people are routinely tortured in ways that rival the Spanish Inquisition. After continuous, unbelievable torture in which he was maimed beyond belief, Menchu recounts that she watched while soldiers burned her younger brother alive (177). He was sixteen and the excuse offered for this treatment was that he was a communist. Americans like to think of themselves as the "good guys" to the country that beat Hitler, rebuilt post-World War II Europe with the Marshall Plan, and won the Cold War so that the world would be safe from tyranny of communism. What most Americans don't know even today is that there is an excellent statistical chance that the men who tortured and brutally murdered Menchu's brother learned these hideous skills in the United States. The U.S. government actually runs a school just for this purpose at Fort Benning, Georgia, the infamous School of the Americas. Publicly, the School is supposed to promote the education of Latin American leaders in the principles of democracy. It's hard for many Americans to believe that their country, which was built on the principles of liberty and justice, would engage in the activities that have been alleged by the ...

Projects and their management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Projects and their management - Essay Example The organization has a team of 3 staff members charged with the duty to place students in a year in the job market that can contribute to the professional development of the students. This service makes the existence of SEC placement team more relevant in the face of the employers’ increasing demand for experience both for old and new graduates. To better its services, SPT could take advantage of the increasing use of web tools among students to make the placement services more efficient and convenient. Even though this would be a costly endeavor for a start-up placement enterprise, SPT longstanding existence can allow it use the revenue that it has accumulated in the past to build this web product intended to make placement exercises efficient and convenient and efficient for students and for SPT itself. SPT project will follow the conventional software process that is typical of all IT projects. The phases will include: business specification, system design, product development, testing, system implementation and maintenance and evaluation. Business specification will entail elicitation and assessment of the user and system requirements. Design will entail translation of the defined requirements into a set of design models, out of which the involve team will choose the best design. Development will entail translation of the design model that the developers settle on into program codes whose operation will follow the user requirements without compromising on the system requirements. Testing will involve assessment of whether the developed product functions as per the user-supplied requirements. Implementation will involve use of the developed system in the production environment, where students and other intended end-users will try executing their routinely duties to satisfy their r espective needs. Maintenance and evaluation will involve caring for the

Photography and Consumer Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Photography and Consumer Culture - Essay Example (Lury 2011, p.112-119). Consumer culture propagators believe that the buying and selling of goods and services is a cultural activity, affected by the cultural perceptions of people and not just the economical and political factors (London & stone 2012, p.298-306). By saying so, we mean that what effects one individual affects the whole cultural community. In other words, we can say that consumer culture is strongly influenced by consumerism; this concept promotes that the desire for goods generates and fosters the bases of a social and economical culture. This theory of consumer culture believes that social cultures are based on the demand of goods and services in a particular community. This joint demand of commodities brings together the people of a geographic area and ties them in a community. Consumer culture is tightly bound with advertising and globalization since the limitation of geographical boundaries has been rendered useless by the integration of world markets. To unders tand it better we must look at the features of consumer culture: 1. The founding idea of the concept is that people’s identities are defined by the commodities that they own and the services they can afford to purchase. 2. It bases on the premise that the attainment of happiness is dependent on the accumulation of things and objects. 3. Leisure time is also an important factor in consumer culture; the free time in which people go and shop the products/commodities which define their status. People are tied together in a culture through the products they own and the services they utilize. This concept is particularly useful in marketing and advertising where creating an ad for every individual in the target market will be impossible and very expensive, consumer culture concepts lets marketers create an ad that grabs the attention of a large market share (London & stone 2012, p.298-306). A point to be considered here is that although an individual may belong to a culture but he/ she also has some individual opinions, thoughts, and way of perceiving things and objects. So what should an ad comprise of to generate the desired results in all consumers, or at least in a major segment of the target market? Taking a look at our ad, the happiness factory ad shows explicit and colorful images to support and strengthen its underlying message so as to attract the attention of its target audience immediately. The ad is different in its creativity and approach; it is not saying anything, there are no words used, but still the message is loud and clear and evokes the desired results. It explicitly indicates a way of living, a particular and differentiated life style that is only for those people who drink coca cola. What coca cola is trying to do is create a culture, a brand tribe of coca cola across the world, in all areas where coco cola is operating. It wants to create the impression that people who drink coca cola are united by a unique experience that others are fa r too unlucky to get or understand. (Wolman 2006, p.48-57) They want to convey the idea that coco cola delivers

CAse study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CAse study - Research Paper Example The major considerations is whether there exists a trade off in the amount of revenue that hospital earns and the speed up to which the revenue is collected. According to an empirical test conducted between 2004 and 2006 on the relationship that exists among vital financial effective hospital revenue cycle management measures. The article clearly shows that with increased revenue collection there is an increased amount of net patient income for every adjusted discharge, reduced contractual budgets, as well as reduced bad debts. On the other hand, the charity care provisions are higher in hospitals with that have a higher revenue collection speed. Therefore, the article comes up with a conclusion that there is no evidence trade off that exists between patent revenue amount and the revenue collection speed. However, these financial gains of effectual hospital revenue cycle management in most cases go hand in hand. Thus, it is indicated that early results are a complementary, showing th at effectual hospital revenue cycle management attains a multiple of positive results. Another article â€Å"The State of Health Care Revenue Cycle.† By Solomon P. (2011). Suggests that revenue cycle management in all administrative and clinical activities have a relationship to generating and collecting patient revenue. These activates have gained a lot of importance in current business environment whereby hospitals receive challenges in underpayments and delay in payments. Although there is continued practitioners interest, there is no much attention drawn from revenue cycle management in health care financial research. There are studies that have been conducted on current revenue cycle management procedures with an aim of coming up with a financial gains measure in the context of increasing the amount of patient speed in the revenue collection. According to correlation analysis,

Self-esteem and Teen Girl Flips Essay Example for Free

Self-esteem and Teen Girl Flips Essay Sixteen year old Fathima looks at herself in the mirror. She studies her body along with her face and thinks she is extremely ugly. She looks at the television and a popular celebrity appears on the screen with a beautiful face and body. She compares that person to how she looks. She says to herself, Why am I so ugly? Why am I so fat? I want to be beautiful! Good day to one and all. My topic for today â€Å"Celebrities and how they impact on teenagers lives. Living in a technological era, we have access to the tabloids more than ever before. There are television sets, magazine covers, Internet blogs, and movies screaming to be read and watched. When a life of parties, short-term relationships, drugs, and alcohol are leading celebrities like Britney, Paris, and Justin to spiral out of control, you would think that their lifestyle is not ideal. But, fans of these stars disagree. Now, in an age where we have more contact with celebrity gossip than we have ever had, we are faced with a question: what are the effects that superstars have on our youth? . Every day there are more and more stories and pictures on the Internet of the illicit activities of celebrities. Teens see these people partying, drinking alcohol or doing drugs, and they think they should too. This sends the message to teens that in order to have fun or be cool, you have to use these substances. Teens may begin to think that it is no big deal, and this can cause serious problems leading to drug and alcohol addictions, risk-taking behaviors, and even death. The use and abuse of drugs and alcohol is not the only dangerous celebrity influence for teens. Some of the most common problems that occur are issues with self-esteem for teens, especially teen girls. When a teen girl flips through her favourite fashion magazine, she is inundated with pictures and articles revolving around the erroneous belief that celebrities are perfect. The air-brushed pictures, workout and diet tips, and pin-thin models can cause body images issues for teens. In trying to make themselves look like the pictures that they see, teens can cause real damage to their bodies. Working out too much or not eating enough can lead to an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia. Many teens are like Fathima are strongly affected by celebrities. Popular celebrities are always shown on the covers of magazines and on television for teens to view. They look glamorous and beautiful, causing teens to want to be like them. Many teenagers look up to these role models but most of these popular beauties affect teens negatively. They go through extreme measures to become thin and are afraid of gaining weight. Teens also think that by becoming thin they will look beautiful and become popular. Many teens have low self esteem and become quickly swayed by the celebrities looks. So many times they forget that they are beautiful the way they are. They want to look perfect. Either their nose is too big or theyre not skinny enough. These small imperfections cause teens to look at the celebrities and envy them. They strive to lose that extra kilos, but end up losing more than enough. If something cannot be done to make that tiny imperfection better, it leads to dangers, such as suicide. Teens should appreciate the way they look already and be grateful. Many children who face hardship and live with poverty arent even able to look ‘cool if they wanted to. While it is almost impossible to completely remove any negative celebrity influence from your life, you can lessen the effects of celebrities and the media by seeking out positive role models in real life who you can aspire to be like. Try to find people who exhibit qualities you would like to have, such as honesty, optimism and perseverance. It can also be helpful to try to take the focus off of your appearance as much as possible. Remember, that you are not defined by what you look like. What really makes up a person is how you act and treat other people. Thank you.

Does A Split Reality Exist? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Does A Split Reality Exist? Dà ©jà   vu as a failure of the brain to put "time stamps" on memories. Where or When (Words by Lorenz Hart, Music by Richard Rogers) When you are awake; The things you think come from the dreams you dream; Thought has wings-; And lots of things- are seldom what they seem; Sometimes you think you have lived before; All that you live today.; Things you do – come back to you,; As though they knew the way.; Oh, the tricks your mind can play!; It seems we stood and talked like this before.; We looked at each other in the same way then; But I can’t remember where or when.; The clothes you’re wearing are the clothes you wore.; The smile you are smiling you were smiling then,,; But I can’t remember where or when.; Some things happen for the first time,; Seem to be happening again - ; And so it seems that we have met before, and laughed before and loved before,; But who knows where or when! (1) It happens to many people – you are there and it’s as if you have already been there, you know what is going to happen next and it seems a part of another life you have lived. Some claim that dà ©jà   vu is signifying problems in your mental state, that you are probably losing your mind and start living in the hallucinating world of a person with mental problems. Others accept it as a fact of life. But in a survey, over 80% of the participants who reported having experienced dà ©jà   vu, denied a possibly clinical condition before their dà ©jà   vu incidents, such as mental and physical fatigue, depression, stress, anger, fear. And surveys among random groups of population show that nearly all people experience dà ©jà   vu. The statistics varies from 30% to 96%. (3) The concept of dà ©jà   vu is not very well studied. Even though a common phenomenon, most of the studies have concentrated on clinical populations such as psychopathological patients. (6) Neppe’s definition describes dà ©jà   vu as any subjectively inappropriate impression of familiarity of the present experience with an undefined past. (2)The term "already seen" was first used in 1876 by E.Letter Boirac who called it "la sensation du dà ©jà   vu." In 1896 F.L. Arnaud introduced it to science. (7)Many researchers are cautious when dealing with instances of dà ©jà   vu because of the chance the person who experienced the sensation may have read or seen something that is in his unconsciousness triggering the impression.