To Ms. Helen Soter, Instructor. From Brandon Johnson,

To: Ms. Helen Soter, Instructor From: Brandon Johnson, Student Date: February 15, 2017 Subject: Negative Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Pilots Introduction Meeting the recommended hours of sleep per night is taught as a building block of success. However, certain professions and lifestyles may prevent an adequate sleep schedule. Airline pilots are often required to work busy and ever-changing schedules. Many pilots frequently travel across time zones and wake up for an early morning flight. Pilots often operate an aircraft even when he or she recognizes sleep deprivation in his or her self. The airline industry should prevent pilots who are sleep deprived from flying an aircraft by implementing policies which require testing of†¦show more content†¦The CFS gives fatigue scores in three categories: psychological, physical, and global, along with a binary classification of the likelihood of fatigue (Jackson Earl, 2006). According to Jackson and Earl (2006), the questionnaire resulted in 121 of the 162 short-haul or scheduled airline pilots being severely fatigued. A different study involved placing questionnaire in the lockers o f 1500 Portuguese commercial pilots (Reis, Mestre, Canhà £o, Gradwell, Paiva, 2016). This questionnaire asked participants to complete the Fatigue Severity Scale. This scale expresses the significance level of participant fatigue by using weighted questions (Reis, Mestre, Canhà £o, Gradwell, Paiva, 2016). According to Reis, et al. (2009), 90.6% of 435 respondents regularly experience fatigue based on how they answered the Fatigue Severity Scale. A survey of 739 pilots found that fatigue was caused mainly by night flights and jet lag, 59% and 45%, respectively (Petrilli, Roach, Dawson, Lamond, 2006). Pilot fatigue is a big concern for the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), as it has been among the top of the list for safety concerns for the past 27 years (Caldwell, 2012). Incident reports indicate that 20% of flight incidents are related to fatigue, and that during the 90’s, about 45 incidents a year were related to fatigue (Hartzler, 2014). Hartzler also claims the decreased performance caused by

Letter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. King - 937 Words

The use of just laws was first abided by Dr. King in his â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail.† In this letter, he mentions the necessity of just laws in society and how individuals are morally obliged to follow them. He also makes a clear distinction between â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† laws, further advocating his beliefs. Dr. King defines the two different laws in his interpretation of what they actually mean in society. A just law is a human-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. In other words, a law that can uplift the personality of an individual is a law that is just. Also, citizens also have their moral responsibility in a constitutional democratic society to obey and abide by the laws of the country. In comparison to just†¦show more content†¦It negatively affects individuals beliefs and stands on their religious point of view, further making this unjust law. According to the Huffington posts, five things the Anti-Sharia mo vement gets dangerously wrong, â€Å"Spreading false information about Sharia has negative consequences for American Muslims.† This quote further proves this law to be unlawful and unjust to the thousands of Muslims, who practice their religion in fear, who continue to live in America today. In an article by Global Citizens called â€Å"10 Ridiculously Sexist Laws in the 21st Century† it explains the unethical law from Yemen in 1992 that states a wife â€Å"must permit [her husband] to have legitimate intercourse with her when she is fit to do so†. Women are often forced into marriage by their pre-teenage years, 14% are married before 15 Young women don’t have a choice against the actions of their husbands when it comes to intercourse simply because it is determined if the women is â€Å"fit enough†. This often leads to non-consensual sex which by law doesn’t count as rape in Yemen. I feel that this is an unjust and preposterous law that makes women feel as though they’re obligated to please a man as an he sees fit to them. They aren’t allowed to have a say to when they are ready for intercourse and they don’t have the government to protect them either while marital rape isn’t pressed on enough. TheShow More RelatedDr. King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1667 Words   |  7 Pagesyear of 1963, when racial discrimination was evident in the community, Dr. King delivered two of his most noted works called the â€Å"I have a Dream† speech and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† to the public. These two pieces, quickly following each other in succession, were literary works of Dr. King devoted to the cause of racial equality and used eclectic devices and appeals to achieve that goal. 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HoweverRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1666 Words   |  7 PagesA Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on scraps of paper in response to a public statement of his efforts being seen as extreme issued by eight clergymen, wh ile incarcerated in Birmingham. In response to the statement King makes a claim of Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Kings claim of â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Is supported throughout the entirety of his letter through the use of rhetoric devices such as EthosRead MoreThe Philosophy of Nonviolence of Dr. Martin Luther King in his Letter from a Birmingham Jail1355 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Letter from a Birmingham Jail gave the people an insight into the mind and his unwillingness to give up on his dream for better life and respect for ‘Negroes’. However, it was not just his mentality we have an insight on but also his philosophy, his mantra. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a devoted Christian and refused to use cruel, demeaning words and unnecessary violence to get his points across to the people. He fought against the injustices brought on upon the blackRead MoreAntigone And Dr. M artin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1233 Words   |  5 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used resistance against powerful leaders to follow their morals and make a statement. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s approach towards the reconstruction of society’s cultural understanding of segregation used civil disobedience in a more public and large-scale approach, whereas Antigone’s use of civil disobedience defied the law in a much more private, small-scale way toRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead Moreâ€Å"a Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’S ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†.1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†. 9% Similarity Born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., conceivably lived as one of the greatest social and religious leaders in a country where a group of its citizens had to endure excruciating conditions of disenfranchisement, inferiority and degradation of a second class citizenship by reasons of race, color or origin. In effort to condemn allRead MoreA Comparison of Letter From Birmingham City Jail and I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.1903 Words   |  8 Pages Martin Luther King Jr., one of the greatest speakers for the Black civil rights movement, had written many great works in his time. Two of his pieces stand out as his greatest works, Letter from Birmingham City Jail; a letter written from a jail in Birmingham where he was arrested for demonstrating peacefully, to clergymen who didnt agree with his views, and I Have a Dream; a speech given by King in front of the Washington Memorial at a huge civil rights tea party. Both

SAP Accounting Software

Question: Discuss about theSAP Accounting Software. Answer: Introduction: In order to maintain the overall financial matters of the organization, it is very much important or rather significant for enterprises to implement certain accounting software packages and maintain chronological records the respective transactions. Furthermore, with the help of accounting software or packages, enterprises would be able to calculate the financial performance of the organization and analyze the net position in the market place. Moreover, in order to maintain smooth balance between the activities in this fast and competitive world, accounting software and packages comes in very handy for organization to avoid any financial conflicts while delivering the services. Relating the same with the subject matter, the following study would highlight the history, development, and adaptation of SAP which is basically enterprise resource planning software and manage the business operations in an appropriate manner. Thus, the study would also highlight the market size and loop hole s present under the same. History: SAP was established by German multinational organization which enables the organization to maintain a smooth balance between business operations and customer relations. Currently, the company is providing support in more than 130 countries and earns revenue of more than 20 billion each financial year (Blain, 2016). Furthermore, SAP was founded by Dietmar Hopp, Hans-Werner Hector, and two others in 1972 and is delivering services to all over the globe. Elaborating more about the same, apart from considering the parameters of enterprise resource planning, the software is also meant to restructure the corporate affairs and contribute towards the betterment of the enterprise in terms of maintenance of records or affairs. While the primary version of the above mentioned accounting software or package is recognized by SAP R/98, in 1992 SAP R/3 was introduced with better stability, and accounting features. Thus, the shares of the enterprise are listed at Frankfurt Stock Exchange and New Yor k Stock Exchange. Development: Over the years, the organization is constantly developing the features of SAP for ensuring better performance of the organization in terms of chronological records and account maintenance (Buying financial accounting software, 2015). Some of the major development is mentioned below: Inclusion of IBM platform to enhance the services of many corporate Possibility of workload profiles to maintain healthy relationship between processes or procedures Implementation of multiple database system to contribute towards better execution of administrative obligations or tasks Data backup plan has been improved to provide more value to the precious data or information of the organization Expansion towards clouds to provide more storage and maintain stability in terms of maintenance along with easy access Implementation of modern applications to promote the independently of data or information Thus, all the above developments were implemented for the betterment of the organization and for enhancing the trust of the needful parties and enhancing the goodwill of the organization in the market place (Ciftci, 2010). Adoption: Since it is mandatory for both profitable and non-profitable organization to maintain chronological records of the activities, adoption of SAP is required for both of them so to remain valid in the eye of law. Furthermore, since the overall structure of SAP is divided into different modules such as sales and business intelligence, each and every organization after considering its requirement implement the SAP in an appropriate way. Moreover, it has been observed that adoption of SAP is increasing year by year because of the enhancement of the number of incorporations of organization in the current market place. Thus with the increasing benefits and continuous development of the above mentioned accounting and enterprise software, more than 60% of both financial and non-financial organization who is in need of accounting software or packages is implementing or considering SAP over its rivals or competitors (Franks, 2012). Current Market Size: As mentioned above, since SAP considers all the parameters of business and pay huge amount of attention towards the customer relations, it is not to be mentioned that the market size of the same is enhancing each financial year by three folds. While the competitors of SAP such as Oracle, Sage, Infor etc is existing in the market place with 6 to 12%, SAP is dominating all of them with huge 24% of share in the market place as stated below. Figure 1: Market Share of SAP Source: https://technologyadvice.com/ Furthermore, with positive feedbacks from all over the globe, the performance of the organization even in this fast and dynamic environment is increasing systematically and the path of the enterprise is headed towards profitable yet positive vision or mission. Moreover, it can easily be said that SAP with its utmost benefits and limited restrictions is becoming one of the favorites and preferable accounting software or packages for organization incorporated or enterprise going to be incorporated (McGee, 2015). Identification of Leaders in the Market: While SAP is considered as the most dominating leader in terms of accounting software or packages, some other companies which too are fighting with equal credibility and efficiency are Oracle which is basically engage in the collection and retrieving of data or information from relevant sources and contributing towards identifying the appropriate solutions of the information management. Founded in 1977, the organization is earning in billions each financial year and is registered under New York Stock Exchange. Thus, just like SAP, Oracle too provides data base services all over the globe and contribute towards the betterment of the organization in the market place. Elaborating more about the same Infor ERP services are considered as remarkable and are known for their positive goodwill and services in the market place. This company was established in 2002 and is providing services to all over the globe for the activities of enterprise resource engagements (Meissner, 2012). Thus, with operating income in billions, the organization too can be considered as one of the competitors of SAP and leader in enterprise resource planning industry. Thus, both Oracle and Infor can be considered as good performer in the accounting software or packages industry and are satisfying millions of customers during each financial year. However, services and goodwill of SAP compare to that of competitors are much high standard and extra ordinary. Uniqueness of SAP: The major reason behind the increased performance of SAP as compare to their competitors and the basis of gaining competitive advantage is mentioned below: Integration of accounting and enterprise resource planning software: While all the above mentioned competitors are efficient towards providing enterprise resource planning activities, SAP on the other hand is highly efficient and effective in integrating the accounting software along with the parameters of enterprise resource planning to gain competitive advantage over its rivals (Muggridge and Trott, 2014). By implementing SAP as an accounting software and enterprise resource software, organizations do not need any other software or package and as a result the company majority customers or users from the market place. Thus, combination of accounting and enterprise resource software is one of the major uniqueness of SAP which differentiates it from its competitors. Optimization as per the Size of the Organization: Also, SAP can be optimized as per the different size of the organization which can either be small, medium, or large. Thus, by designing the software for each type of organization, the company is leading in the market place and gaining competitive edge over its rivals or competitors (Niefert, 2011). Limitations of SAP: Since there are two sides of a coin, apart from the benefits and unique features as mentioned above, the software package is also comprises of some limitations or disadvantages which are mentioned below: High Cost: Even though SAP can be optimized depending on the scale of the organization, it would certainly not be feasible for small and medium size organization to bear such huge cost in order to perform the accounting and enterprise resource planning activities. Not user friendly: In order to implement the enterprise resource planning software in an appropriate way, it is relevant for all types of organization to recruit some qualified professionals as the features of SAP are not very friendly and requires great knowledge and experience to operate it (Zencke and Eichin, 2013). Compatibility Issues: Also, there are many applications of SAP which are not supported by all browsers and as a result compatibility issues come into picture which further also affects the response time between the front desk and back desk. Apart from the limitations mentioned above, it has been observed that many SAP applications are not successful and are enhancing the overall performance of the organization along with the downfall of enterprise portal of many organizations. Thus, if the budget of the organization is high and professionals are qualified enough to manage the SAP applications in an appropriate manner, than this accounting software or package is the best available enterprise resource planning tool in the market place. Conclusion: The above study simply highlights the over the top performance of SAP with limited restriction and disadvantages in the market place. Organizations coming from any scale can implement SAP to manage the business operations in an appropriate way and enhance the relationship with the customers all over the globe. Moreover, integration of accounting and enterprise resource planning feature helps the organization to gain competitive advantage in global market place (Zencke and Eichin, 2013). References Blain, J. (2016).Using SAP R/3. 1st ed. Indianapolis, IN: Que. Buying financial accounting software. (2015). 1st ed. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Computer Society. Ciftci, M. (2010). Accounting Choice and Earnings Quality: The Case of Software Development.European Accounting Review, 19(3), pp.429-459. Franks, R. (2012).Choosing accounting software. 1st ed. London: Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. McGee, R. (2015).Accounting for software. 1st ed. Homewood, Ill.: Dow Jones-Irwin. Meissner, G. (2012).SAP. 1st ed. Blacklick, USA: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Muggridge, J. and Trott, F. (2014).A guide to accounting software. 1st ed. London: Kogan Page [in association with] the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. Niefert, W. (2011).SAP Business ONE implementation. 1st ed. Birmingham, U.K.: Packt Pub. Zencke, P. and Eichin, R. (2013). SAP Business ByDesign.WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, 50(1), pp.47-51.

Meal Management free essay sample

Meal management is the process whereby resources, both material and human, are used to obtain goals that have to do with feeding the individual or the group. It involves planning, organizing, controlling and evaluating the meal service. These are tasks directly associated with the health, welfare and happiness of the individual or the group. What people eat and the conditions under which the meals are served should always be considered to realize the goal of meal management. To be exact, the goal of meal management is to provide food that will ensure the physical and mental growth of the person, his social development and well-being, with a reasonable expenditure of available resources. The goals are specifically categorized as good nutrition, planned spending, satisfying meals, and controlled use of time and energy. 1. PLANNING MEALS Planning meals include not only the listing of foods to serve during a meal, known as the menu, but also these activities as well: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Meal Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Planning the food budget; 2. Planning for food purchase, choosing the market, buying and storing supplies; and 3. Planning for preparing and serving meals. In planning meals, the following factors should be considered: 1. Nutritional adequacy- or the provision of palatable foods that are rich in essential nutrients. Nutrient needs of an individual are affected by age, sex, body built, and activities engaged in by the individual. 2. The Food Budget- The food budget is influenced by the family income, knowledge of the market shopper’s shopping skills, family food, likes and dislikes, and either goals and values. 3. Differences in food habits- These include the dietary habits of nationality groups, regional food patterns, cultural and religious patterns, and socioeconomic background. 4. The time and skill of the meal manager- The length of meal preparation, the amount of experience, and the time available are to be considered. 5. Suitability, availability, and quality of the food to be served. 6. Aesthetic and psychological aspects of food – or the proper combination of flavor, texture and shapes as well as variety in color, form, and arrangement. 7. Equipment available for food preparation PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MEALS Objective planning of meals enhances the meal manager’s chances of achieving her goals because she can control the use of her resources, especially the use of her time and energy in shopping, cooking, and serving meals and in decision-making. Furthermore, she can regulate her spending for food more easily. Objectivity in planning is possible if certain guidelines in meal planning are observed, such as: 1. Plan several day’s meals at a time, utilizing simple menus that are easy to prepare and serve. 2. Include more one-dish meals like sinigang, nilaga, bulanglang, tinola, and alike. 3. Plan meals that have interesting variety in color, texture and flavor. 4. Plan to serve foods that are not only in season but also enjoyed by the diner. 5. Plan dishes that do not entail too much preparation at one time. If possible, preparation can be started the day before the dish is served. 6. Consider palatable foods that are rich in essential nutrients. Consult the different food guides. 7. Make out a market list to avoid extra trips to the food stores. 8. Utilize leftovers and â€Å"convenience† foods when necessary. A GUIDE TO PLANNING NUTRITIOUS MEALS Meal planning is vital importance in the consideration of proper nutrition and family’s real enjoyment of food. Foods used in planning daily meals must be adequate from the nutritional standpoint. Knowledge of the food nutrients, their sources and functions will ensure the choice of nutritionally adequate meals. Moreover, the use of foods from the essential groupings suggested by the Foods nutrition research (FNRI) will facilitate the planning of a balanced diet. The Basic Food Groups, which consist of (a) energy foods; (b) body-building foods; and (c) regulating foods, are designed to include the most commonly used Filipino foods. Locally available foods are grouped according to their specific contributions to the diet. The recommended daily servings from food group for a normal adult are also indicated. THE FOOD PYRAMID The Food Pyramid is a diagram developed by nutrition experts all over the world to illustrate the balance of foods needed for a healthy lifestyle. It serves as a nutritional guideline in wisely choosing food to obtain the best balance of nutrients in the diet. The three major food groups are placed in the Food Pyramid, with indicators of healthy eating habits in terms of what foods one must eat. The food groups are classified as follows: 1. Eat least: foods, which are high in fat, sugar, salt, and alcohol. This food group is at the top of the pyramid. 2. Eat Moderately: foods with high protein content but which have high fat level (e. g. , pork, beef, chicken, milk, and eggs). This food group is in the middle of the pyramid. 3. Eat Most: foods, which are high in fiber and low in fat and sugar. A large proportion of these foods in the diet will help control weight and reduce fat levels in the blood. These are foods, which make up the base of the pyramid and should be the biggest part of the diet. The foods are to be chosen from three levels in the proportion shown, to make sure that there is a good balance of nutrients and variety in the diet. As used in meal planning, the Food Pyramid is a visual delight in the preparation of a nutritious and balanced diet. It facilitates the planning of some meals, which may require special diets for particular persons with health problems. More importantly, majority of normal diners is assured of a guide to healthful eating. SOURCES AND FUNCTIONS OF FOOD NUTRIENTS The basic nutrients that are essential in maintaining body functions and good health are (1) carbohydrates; (2) fats; (3) protein; (4) vitamins; (5) minerals; and (6) water. Carbohydrates – provide heat and energy to the body. More than half of our day’s requirement for energy comes from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates from rice, and other starchy foods such as corn, kamote, gabi, ubi, potato, and sugar also provide additional energy. However, they tend to occupy a large proportion of the day’s diet, leading to a disproportionate intake of food. Heavy intake of carbohydrates tend to limit the consumption of other foods which would supply more protein, mineral, and vitamins, thus resulting in deficiency disease. Fats – are concentrated sources of energy. They contain over twice the energy value of carbohydrates, weight for weight. Its inclusion in the diet enhances palatability and delays the onset of hunger. Fats also transport Vitamins A, D, E and K. good fat sources are egg yolk, meat, cheese, butter, and nuts. Twenty to twenty-five percent (20-25%) of our daily calorie requirement should come from fat. Proteins – build, repair, and maintain body tissues. They are important constituents of body cells. They form the hormones that regulate body processes and anti-bodies that fight infections. Proteins supply heat and energy when there is shortage of fats and carbohydrates in our meals. Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are twenty-two (22) such acids, eight (8) of which are considered essential because these cannot be manufactured by the body. These must come from food. Food proteins containing all eight (8) essential amino acids are called complete. Animals are good protein sources. These include meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, poultry, cheese, and milk. Also important, although incomplete, are proteins from plant sources such as those from cereal foods (bread, rice, flour, corn), nuts, beans, and peas. In a mixed diet, animal and plant proteins supplement one another. What one plant protein lacks in amino acid is made up the other to form a complete protein. We should get 10-13% of our daily calorie requirement from protein foods. Vitamins – are organic substances necessary for growth and maintenance of life. They must be provided in the diet. They are in small amounts in the body and act as catalysts or substances that hasten chemical reactions in body processes. They are carried in the blood stream to all parts of the body. As such, they control body chemistry and play important roles in normal growth, energy expenditure, reproduction, resistance to diseases, and general well-being. Many vitamins are destroyed during food processing and handling, thus making them unavailable. Enrichment is a measure which puts back lost nutrients in food. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are easily dissolved in fats and referred to as fat-soluble vitamins. Those that are dissolved in water, such as vitamins C and B-complex vitamins, are referred to as water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A – is essential for normal eye functioning, resistance to infection, normal growth, and healthy skin. Good food sources include whole milk, butter, most cheeses, fish liver oil, and green or yellow parts of vegetables and fruits such as malunggay or kalabasa, ripe papaya and carrots, in the form of carotene. Vitamin B complex – namely thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin, are water-soluble. They are rapidly lost by the body in urine, feces, and sweat. They must be provided in our meals every day. Thiamine prevents beri-beri, helps convert carbohydrates into energy, and maintains good digestion and assimilation of food. Niacin plays important role in cell respiration, carbohydrate oxidation, and good digestion. A deficiency leads to a disease known as pellagra. Riboflavin aids protein utilization and affects the normal growth especially of the hair and skin. Vitamin C – is essential for healthy teeth, gums, and blood vessels. It is important to in the formation of collagen, a protein that helps support the skin, bones, and tendons. Good food sources are green leafy vegetables, and fresh fruits, especially citrus fruits. Vitamin V has to be provided every day in our meals. Vitamin D – is necessary for strong bones and teeth, and is produced by the action of sunlight on the skin. It is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin. Good food sources are liver, fish liver oil, egg yolks, and fortified milk. Vitamin E – like A, D, and K, is fat-soluble. It helps in the formation of red blood cells, muscles, and tissues, and prevents the abnormal breakdown of body fat. Good food sources are whole grain cereals, whole wheat bread, wheat germ, and vegetable oils. Vitamin K – is necessary for blood clotting and is manufactured in the intestinal tract by microorganisms. Good food sources are green leafy vegetables. Minerals – Some 18 minerals are considered necessary for regulating and maintaining body processes. Some of the most important are calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper iodine, sodium and potassium. Calcium and Phosphorus – are essential for the formation of good bones and teeth. Good food sources are milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables, small fishes, and nuts. Iron – is responsible for the formation of red blood. It is the major component of hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen in the blood. Iron deficiency in the diet leads to anemia. Good food sources include enriched bread and flour, unpolished rice, eggs, green leafy vegetables, meat, especially the internal organs, and fish. Iodine – affects the function of the thyroid glands. Deficiency of this nutrient causes simple goiter. Chief sources are seafood, marine plants and iodized salts. Sodium – is present in common table salt. It is essential for the normal functioning of body fluids and tissues. Potassium – is needed for healthy nerves and muscles, and is found in meat, fish, vegetables, and fruits. Copper – We need a small amount of copper which a well-planned meal will provide adequately. This nutrient is essential in iron utilization. Water – is an essential part of the body tissues and comprises 2/3 of the body weight. It is not considered as food, yet no one can live more than a few days without it. It is a lost in sweating and normal body excretions, through the intestinal tract and kidneys, and should be replenished every day. A loss of 10% fluid from the body is a serious menace to health. As a rule, 6-7 glasses of water or juices and other drinks are needed to maintain water balance in the body Without water, food cannot be digested, absorbed or carried properly to the different parts of the body as needed. No single cell can do its work properly without water. It is also a medium whereby the waste products are carried away to be excreted. Because it is a carrier of waste products, it is important in the prevention of constipation. Fiber or Cellulose – is the indigestible part of foods. It is not a nutrient but it provides roughage to stimulate the intestinal muscles for proper evacuation. Moreover, it promotes the growth of useful bacteria in the intestines. Good food sources are fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain breads and cereals. Lack of roughage in the diet causes constipation. FOOD GROUP: SOURCES AND FUNCTIONS (Adapted from FNRI Nutritional Guideline 2000) Food Groups Sources Functions/Uses Rice and Alternative Rice, Corn, Bread Other Bakery Products Cereals such as Oat meal Root Crops such as Potatoes, Yam, Sweet Potatoes, Cassava, Taro Supply the major bulk of Carbohydrates and Energy in the diet Provide Dietary fiber as well as some Protein, Vitamins and Minerals Meat and Alternatives Meat (including Organ Meats) Poultry, Eggs, Fish Seafood, Milk and Milk Products Dried Beans like Mongo, Soy beans, Nuts (Peanuts) Excellence sources of high-quality Protein required for growth and repair of body tissues Sources of absorbable Iron, B-Complex Vitamins and Minerals Rich in Calcium and Vitamin A Vegetables Green leafy vegetables such as Malunggay, Saluyot, Kangkong, KamoteTops, Gabi and Kalabasa Leaves Yellow Vegetables such as Carrots, Squash, Fruits and Flowers, Eggplant, Patola, Spring Beans Contribute Vitamins and Minerals Excellent sources of Beta-Carotene and Vitamin C Give bulk and roughage to the diet Fruits Fresh fruits Dried fruits Fruit juices Guave, Papaya, Mango, Oranges, Sineguelas (Vit. C- rich fruits) Banana, Pineapple, Melon Excellent sources of Beta-Carotene and Vitamin C Sources of Vitamins and Minerals Give bulk and roughage to the diet Fats and Oil Cooking oil, Butter, Margarine and Other Fats Concentrated sources of energy Increases energy intake Helps in the utilization of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K Sources of Essential Fatty acids, Linoliec and Linolenic acids Improves the flavor of meals Sugar Naturally found in fruits and milk Inhibit growth of food-spoilage bacteria Act as preservatives Contribute to energy intake, sweetness and attractiveness to diet Water and Beverages Fruit juices Fruit-flavored drinks Coffee Tea Soft-drinks Regulate temperature Transport Electrolytes and other nutrients Excrete waste products from lungs, skin and kidney Lubricate joints and cushion the Nervous System